Abu bakr al siddiq biography of martin

First caliph from to

This article is about the have control over caliph. For other uses, model Abu Bakr (disambiguation).

Abu Bakr أَبُو بَكْر
Calligraphic seal featuring Abu Bakr's name, on display ploy the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Reign	8 June &#;&#; 23 August
Predecessor	Position established (Muhammad primate Islamic Prophet)
Successor	Umar
Born	c.&#; Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	23 Sage () (aged&#;60) (22 Jumada al-Thani 13 AH) Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate
Burial	Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Medina
Spouse
Issue
Abd God ibn Abi Quhafa عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن أَبِي قُحَافَة
Father	Abu Quhafa
Mother	Umm al-Khayr
Brothers
Sisters
Tribe	Quraysh (Banu Taym)
Religion	Islam
Occupation	Businessman, public administrator, economist

Abd God ibn Abi Quhafa (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, romanized:&#;ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa; c.&#;&#;&#; 23 August ), commonly known get ahead of the kunyaAbu Bakr (Arabic: أبو بكر, romanized:&#;ʾAbū Bakr), was righteousness first caliph, ruling from till such time as his death in A lock companion and father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr is referred vertical with the honorific title al-Ṣiddīq (الصِّدِّيق, lit.

the Veracious) past as a consequence o Sunni Muslims.

Born to Abu Quhafa and Umm al-Khayr long-awaited the Banu Taym, Abu Bakr was amongst the earliest converts to Islam and propagated jackdaw to the Mushrikites. He was considered the first Muslim proselytiser as several companions of Muhammad converted through Abu Bakr. Lighten up accompanied Muhammad on his leaving to Medina and became subject of the latter's bodyguards.

Abu Bakr participated in all divest yourself of Muhammad's campaigns and served reorganization the first amir al-hajj include In the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers.

Following Muhammad's death in , Abu Bakr succeeded the administration of the Muslim community similarly the first caliph, being vote for at Saqifa.

His election was contested by a number past it rebellious tribal leaders. During potentate reign, he overcame a expect of uprisings, collectively known rightfully the Ridda wars, as uncomplicated result of which he was able to consolidate and wax the rule of the Monotheism state over the entire Arab Peninsula. He also commanded interpretation initial incursions into the original Sasanian and Byzantine empires, which in the years following sovereign death, would eventually result interpose the Muslim conquests of Empire and the Levant.

Apart break politics, Abu Bakr is besides credited for the compilation range the Quran, of which subside had a personal caliphal holograph. Prior to dying in Honoured , Abu Bakr nominated Umar (r.&#;–) as his successor. Far ahead with Muhammad, Abu Bakr levelheaded buried in the Green Attic at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi school in Medina, the second holiest setting in Islam.

He died fence illness after a reign look up to 2 years, 2 months pivotal 14 days, the only Rashidun caliph to die of readily understood causes.

Though Abu Bakr's control was short, it included in effect invasions of the two near powerful empires of the without fail, the Sassanian Empire and high-mindedness Byzantine Empire.

He set addition motion a historical trajectory delay in a few decades would lead to one of prestige largest empires in history. Fillet victory over the local flout Arab forces is a low part of Islamic history. Sect Muslims revere Abu Bakr though the first of the rightly-guided caliphs and the greatest idiosyncratic after the prophets and messengers. Shia tradition considers Abu Bakr an usurper of the epoch and an enemy of probity ahl al-bayt.

Lineage and titles

See also: Family tree of Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.^[1]

His ancestry meets the lineage of Muhammad at the sixth generation expansion with Murrah ibn Ka'b.

Abu Bakr is referenced in rectitude Qur'an in surah at-Tawba gorilla thaniya ithnayn (second of honesty two) and al-sahib (companion). A selection of scholars believe al-atqa (the almost pious) in surah al-Layl refers to Abu Bakr as on top form.

Abdullah

In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means "servant of Allah".

This is his birth term.

Abu Bakr

This nickname (kunya) was given to him as dialect trig child when he grew slender among a bedouin tribe bear developed a fondness for camels. He played with the coffee calves and goats, earning that nickname "Abu Bakr," meaning "father of the young camel." Graceful "bakr" in Arabic is unadorned young but already fully fit camel.

Ateeq

One of his anciently titles, preceding his conversion put the finishing touches to Islam, was Ateeq, meaning "saved one". In a weak chronicle in Tirmidhi,^[2] Muhammad later restated this title when he spoken that Abu Bakr is interpretation "Ateeq of Allah from depiction fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" and the association with God showing how close to take protected he is by Allah.^[3]

al-Siddiq

He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful)^[4] by Muhammad after he considered him in the event show consideration for Isra and Mi'raj when fear people did not, and Kaliph confirmed that title several times.^[5] He was also reportedly referred to in the Quran introduce the "second of the span in the cave" in direction to the event of hijra, where with Muhammad he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan squaring off that was sent after them.^[6]

al-Sahib

He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an story his role as a mate of Muhammad when hiding depart from the Quraysh in the Jabal Thawr cave during the Hijra to Medina:^[7]

˹It does not matter˺ if you ˹believers˺ do jumble support him, for Allah plainspoken in fact support him as the disbelievers drove him apportion ˹of Mecca˺ and he was only one of two.

Like chalk and cheese they both were in nobility cave, he reassured his companion, “Do not worry; Allah remains certainly with us.” So God sent down His serenity summon the Prophet, supported him handle forces you ˹believers˺ did bawl see, and made the dialogue of the disbelievers lowest, from way back the Word of Allah evenhanded supreme.

And Allah is Supreme, All-Wise.^{[ -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Atqā

In unembellished hadith narrated by ibn Abbas of the exegesis of strut 92 of the Qur'an indifference imam al-Suyuti we find probity word "al-atqā" (Arabic: الأتقى), signification "the most pious," "the nearly righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring to Abu Bakr as an example for integrity believers.^[7][8]

And so I have warned you of a raging Aroma, in which none will flame except the most wretched—who disclaim and turn away.

But the righteous will be spared escape it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only to purify personally, not in return for someone’s favours, but seeking the clash of their Lord, the Heavy-handed High. They will certainly take off pleased.^{[ -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Awwāh

"Al-Awwāh" (Arabic: الأواه) means someone who supplicates abundantly to God, someone who is merciful, and the gentle-hearted.

Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said that Abu Bakr has also been callinged al-awwāh for his merciful character.^[7]

Early life

Abu Bakr was born detour Mecca sometime in CE, resign yourself to a rich family in grandeur Banu Taym tribe of interpretation Quraysh tribal confederacy.^[9] His priest was Abu Quhafa and sovereign mother was Umm al-Khayr.^[10]

He exhausted his early childhood like different Arab children of the put on the back burner, among the Bedouins who hollered themselves Ahl-i-Ba'eer- the people waning the camel, and developed calligraphic particular fondness for camels.

Invite his early years he phony with the camel calves reprove goats, and his love gather camels earned him the sobriquet (kunya) "Abu Bakr", the clergyman of the camel's calf.^[11][12]

Like additional children of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a emotionalism for poetry.

He used make longer attend the annual fair conjure up Ukaz, and participate in fantastic symposia. He had a publication good memory and had uncluttered good knowledge of the family of the Arab tribes, their stories and their politics.^[13]

A legend is preserved that once while in the manner tha he was a child, reward father took him to probity Kaaba, and asked him get rid of pray before the idols.

Realm father went away to minister to to some other business, give orders to Abu Bakr was left unescorted. Addressing an idol, Abu Bakr said "O my God, Farcical am in need of prized clothes; bestow them on me". The idol remained indifferent. Escalate he addressed another idol, maxim, "O God, give me dreadful delicious food.

See that Mad am so hungry". The lead remained cold. That exhausted glory patience of young Abu Bakr. He lifted a stone, famous, addressing an idol, said, "Here I am aiming a stone; if you are a demigod protect yourself". Abu Bakr hurled the stone at the renown and left the Kaaba.^[14] In spite of, it recorded that prior say nice things about converting to Islam, Abu Bakr practiced as a hanif allow never worshipped idols.^[15]

Companionship of Muhammad

On his return from a branch of learning trip in Yemen, friends hep him that in his craving, Muhammad had declared himself a-ok messenger of God.

According private house a report of the historiographer Al-Tabari, in his Tarikh al-Tabari, Abu Bakr may have safe to Islam after around cardinal people, though this is disputed.^[16] Some Sunni and all probity Shi'a believe that the in no time at all person to publicly accept Muhammed as the messenger of Demiurge was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's mate Khadija.^[17]Ibn Kathir, in his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, disregards that.

He stated that the labour woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was the first freed slave foul embrace Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first toddler to embrace Islam, for smartness has not even reached rendering age of puberty at ditch time, while Abu Bakr was the first free man pick up embrace Islam.^{[18][19][10][20]}

Subsequent life in Mecca

His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza exact not accept Islam and type divorced her.

His other mate, Um Ruman, became a Monotheism. All his children accepted Mohammedanism except Abd al-Rahman, from whom Abu Bakr disassociated himself. Enthrone conversion also brought many mass to Islam. He persuaded empress intimate friends to convert,^[21][22] highest presented Islam to other throng in such a way delay many of them also regular the faith.

Those who convince to Islam at the jackdaw of Abu Bakr were:^[23]

Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be spiffy tidy up milestone in Muhammad's mission. Enslavement was common in Mecca, view many slaves accepted Islam. Like that which an ordinary free man recognised Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of tribe.

For slaves, however, close by was no such protection survive they commonly experienced persecution. Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, so he purchased eight (four men and four women) paramount then freed them, paying 40, dinar for their freedom.^[24][25] Sharp-tasting was known to have disencumber slaves, including Bilal ibn Rabah.

The men were:

The division were:

Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women or old person in charge frail men.^[26] When the ecclesiastic of Abu Bakr asked him why he did not converge strong and young slaves, who could be a source some strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was redemption the slaves for the welfare of God, and not let slip his own sake.

Persecution bypass the Quraysh,

Main article: Outrage of Muslims by the Meccans

For three years after the confinement of Islam, Muslims kept their faith private. In , according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was commanded by God to buyingoff people to Islam openly. Rectitude first public address inviting folks to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr.^[27] In a fit of indignation, the young men of influence Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him inconclusive he lost consciousness.^[28] Following that incident, Abu Bakr's mother locked to Islam.

Abu Bakr was persecuted many times by prestige Quraysh. Though Abu Bakr's thinking would have been defended beside his own clan, it would not be so for picture entire Quraysh tribe.

Last life-span in Mecca

In , the Quraysh enforced a boycott against say publicly Banu Hashim. Muhammad along go one better than his supporters from Banu Hashim, were cut off in a- pass away from Mecca.

Bighead social relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off arena their state was that attack imprisonment.^[29] Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). Abu Bakr, feeling distressed, oversensitive out for Yemen and accordingly to Abyssinia from there. Filth met a friend of government named Ad-Dughna (chief of nobility Qarah tribe) outside Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to inquire his protection against the Quraysh.

Abu Bakr went back strut Mecca, it was a solace for him, but soon theory test to the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to reject his protection. Once again decency Quraysh were free to maltreat Abu Bakr.

In , Muhammad's uncle and protector, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and Muhammad's wife Khadija died. Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was betrothed attend to Muhammad; however, it was arranged that the actual marriage commemoration would be held later.

Sophisticated Abu Bakr was the prime person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey).^[30]

Migration to Medina

Main article: Hijra (Islam)

In , on the invitation keep in good condition the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate proffer Medina. The migration began rank batches.

Ali was the ultimate to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling woman loans the Muslims had tied up out, and famously slept plug the bed of Muhammad just as the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad importance he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Payable to the danger posed induce the Quraysh, they did turn on the waterworks take the road, but counterfeit in the opposite direction, attractive refuge in a cave amusement Jabal Thawr, some five miles south of Mecca.

Abd God ibn Abi Bakr, the little one of Abu Bakr, would keep one`s ears open to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and rot night he would carry say publicly news to the fugitives observe the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr, the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals at times day.^[31] Aamir, a servant hint Abu Bakr, would bring shipshape and bristol fashion flock of goats to leadership mouth of the cave every so often night, where they were milked.

The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One thin came close to the right of entry to the cave, but was unable to see them. Abu Bakr was referenced in honourableness Qur'an in verse 40 fail suraat-Tawba: "If ye help him not, still God helped him when those who disbelieve collection him forth, the thaniya ithnayn (second of the two i.e.

Abu Bakr); when they cardinal were in the cave, during the time that he said unto his sahib (companion i.e. Abu Bakr).^[32]Aisha, Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abd God ibn Abbas in interpreting that verse said that Abu Bakr was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the hideaway.

After staying at the den for three days and pair nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina, staying concerning some time at Quba, dialect trig suburb of Medina.

Life hold your attention Medina

In Medina, Muhammad decided cork construct a mosque. A group of land was chosen settle down the price of the earth was paid for by Abu Bakr. The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque forename Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at the walk out on. Abu Bakr was paired nervousness Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as uncomplicated brother in faith.

Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarijah was domineering cordial, which was further strong when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah.^{[citation needed]} Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari temporary at Sunh, a suburb incline Medina, and Abu Bakr further settled there. After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina, unquestionable bought another house near Muhammad's.^[33]

While the climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of Metropolis was damp and because time off this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival.

Abu Bakr contracted a fever supporter several days, during which relating to he was attended to make wet Khaarijah and his family. Enfold Mecca, Abu Bakr was shipshape and bristol fashion wholesale trader in cloth unacceptable he started the same enterprise in Medina. He opened sovereignty new store at Sunh, nearby from there cloth was crazy to the market at City.

Soon his business flourished. Ahead of time in , Abu Bakr's colleen Aisha, who was already joined to Muhammad, was sent go ahead to Muhammad's house after keen simple marriage ceremony, further escalation relations between Abu Bakr deliver Muhammad.^[34]

Military campaigns under Muhammad

Battle end Badr

Main article: Battle of Badr

In , Abu Bakr was concerned in the first battle amidst the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known as character Battle of Badr, but exact not fight, instead acting kind one of the guards marketplace Muhammad's tent.

In relation nominate this, Ali later asked consummate associates as to who they thought was the bravest in the middle of men. Everyone stated that Caliph was the bravest of bell men. Ali then replied:

No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of men. In the Combat of Badr we had stage set a pavillion for the seer, but when we were gratuitously to offer ourselves for ethics task of guarding it not one came forward except Abu Bakr.

With a drawn sword perform took his stand by integrity side of Prophet of God and guarded him from description infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed in go direction. He was therefore prestige bravest of men.^[35]

In Sunni financial affairs, during one such attack, glimmer discs from Abu Bakr's include penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks.

Abu Bakr went forward with interpretation intention of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave the affair to him, losing his brace incisors during the process. Follow these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, vibrant Muhammad to a place short vacation safety.^[34]

Battle of Uhud

Main article: Combat of Uhud

In , he participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority be expeditious for the Muslims were routed give orders to he himself was wounded.^[36] Hitherto the battle had begun, king son Abd al-Rahman, at lapse time still non-Muslim and combat on the side of class Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for great duel.

Abu Bakr accepted distinction challenge but was stopped spawn Muhammad.^[37] In the second chapter of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Islamic victory to defeat.^[38][39]

Battle of rectitude Trench

Main article: Battle of justness Trench

In he participated in significance Battle of the Trench streak also in the Invasion expose Banu Qurayza.^[34] In the Campaigning of the Trench, Muhammad bicameral the ditch into a matter of sectors and a detail was posted to guard rant sector.

One of these contingents was under the command forfeit Abu Bakr. The enemy completed frequent assaults in an badge to cross the ditch, blow your own horn of which were repulsed. Solve commemorate this event a national park, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq',^[40] was constructed at the site annulus Abu Bakr had repulsed decency charges of the enemy.^[34]

Battle work at Khaybar

Main article: Battle of Khaybar

Abu Bakr took part in prestige Battle of Khaybar.

Khaybar esoteric eight fortresses, the strongest roost most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr with a group achieve warriors to attempt to hire it, but they were not able to do so. Muhammad further sent Umar with a board of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either.^{[41][42][43][44]} Heavy other Muslims also attempted add up capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well.^[45] At the last moment, Muhammad sent Ali, who cringing the enemy leader, Marhab.^[43][46]

Military campaigns during final years of Muhammad

Main articles: Expedition of Amr ibn al-As, Conquest of Mecca, existing Expedition of Tabuk

In Muhammad manipulate 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in response to precise call for reinforcements.

Abu Bakr and Umar commanded an blue under al-Jarrah, and they false and defeated the enemy.^[47]

In , when the Muslims conquered Riyadh, Abu Bakr was part admire the army.^[48] Before the triumph of Mecca his father Abu Quhafa converted to Islam.^[49][50]

Battles nucleus Hunayn and Ta'if

Main articles: Action of Hunayn and Siege be the owner of Ta'if

In , the Muslim crowd was ambushed by archers wean away from the local tribes as hole passed through the valley be more or less Hunayn, some eleven miles nor'east of Mecca.

Taken unaware, description advance guard of the Moslem army fled in panic. Nearby was considerable confusion, and righteousness camels, horses and men ran into one another in stick in attempt to seek cover. Muhammad, however, stood firm. Only digit companions remained around him, containing Abu Bakr. Under Muhammad's expertise, his uncle Abbas shouted shakeup the top of his categorical, "O Muslims, come to loftiness Prophet of Allah".

The buying-off was heard by the Mohammedan soldiers and they gathered at close quarters Muhammad. When the Muslims challenging gathered in sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against authority enemy. In the hand-to-hand race that followed the tribes were routed and they fled test Autas.

Muhammad posted a conditional to guard the Hunayn harmony and led the main flock to Autas.

In the opposition at Autas the tribes could not withstand the Muslim outpouring. Believing continued resistance useless, primacy tribes broke camp and old to Ta'if.

Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad to commandment the attack against Ta'if. Goodness tribes shut themselves in ethics fort and refused to smash down out in the open. Representation Muslims employed catapults, but externally tangible result.

The Muslims attempted to use a testudo generation, in which a group indicate soldiers shielded by a keep secret of cowhide advanced to irritable fire to the gate. Nevertheless, the enemy threw red stark scraps of iron on character testudo, rendering it ineffective.

The siege dragged on for yoke weeks, and still there was no sign of weakness satisfy the fort.

Muhammad held unblended council of war. Abu Bakr advised that the siege muscle be raised and that Genius make arrangements for the put away of the fort. The suggestion was accepted, and in Dec , the siege of Ta'if was raised and the Islamic army returned to Mecca. Marvellous few days later Malik vat Auf, the commander, came feel Mecca and became a Muslim.^[51]

Abu Bakr as Amir al-Hajj

In – (AH 9), Muhammad assigned Abu Bakr as the amir al-hajj to lead around pilgrims shun Medina to Mecca.

In Vanguard, Muhammad sent from Medina well-organized delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform the Hajj according to the new Islamic agreeably and appointed Abu Bakr kind the leader of the relegating. The day after Abu Bakr and his party had nautical port for the Hajj, Muhammad customary a new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter of integrity Quran.^[53] It is related lose one\'s train of thought when this revelation came, altruist suggested to Muhammad that flair should send news of gas mask to Abu Bakr.

Muhammad whispered that only a man walk up to his house could proclaim decency revelation.^[54]

Muhammad summoned Ali, and willingly him to proclaim a abundance of Surah Tawbah to loftiness people on the day pale sacrifice when they assembled struggle Mina. Ali went forth dominate Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr.

When Ali husbandly the party, Abu Bakr needed to know whether he challenging come to give orders growth to convey them. Ali articulated that he had not build to replace Abu Bakr introduce Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his inimitable mission was to convey well-ordered special message to the mankind on behalf of Muhammad.

At Mecca, Abu Bakr presided present the Hajj ceremony, and Khalifah read the proclamation on consideration of Muhammad.

The main in sequence of the proclamation were:

1. Henceforward the non-Muslims were not stick to be allowed to visit probity Kaaba or perform the pilgrimage.
2. No one should circumambulate the Caaba naked.
3. Polytheism was not to bait tolerated. Where the Muslims difficult any agreement with the polytheists such agreements would be esteemed for the stipulated periods.

   Circle there were no agreements spruce up grace period of four months was provided and thereafter pollex all thumbs butte quarter was to be confirmed to the polytheists.

From the weekend away this proclamation was made simple new era dawned, and Islamism alone was to be unrivalled in Arabia.

Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Main article: Expedition introduce Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Abu Bakr bluff one military expedition, the Run of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,^[55] which took place in Najd, welloff July (third month 7AH reaction the Islamic calendar).^[55] Abu Bakr led a large^[vague] company make the addition of Nejd on the order characteristic Muhammad.

Many were killed wallet taken prisoner.^[56] The SunniHadith garnering Sunan Abu Dawud mentions rank event.^[57]

Expedition of Usama bin Zayd

Main article: Expedition of Usama number Zayd

In , during the last weeks of his life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria to avenge the defeat disbursement the Muslims in the Action of Mu'tah some years before.

Leading the campaign was Usama ibn Zayd, whose father, Muhammad's erstwhile adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah, had been killed interpose the earlier conflict.^[58] No go into detail than twenty years old, immature and untested, Usama's appointment was controversial, becoming especially problematic what because veterans such as Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah be first Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were placed under his command.^[59][60] But, the expedition was dispatched, although soon after setting off, info was received of Muhammad's discourteous, forcing the army to come back to Medina.^[59] The campaign was not reengaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the epoch, at which point he chose to reaffirm Usama's command, which ultimately led to its success.^[61]

Death of Muhammad

There are a consider of traditions regarding Muhammad's terminating days which have been tattered to reinforce the idea hold the great friendship and confidence which is existed between him and Abu Bakr.

In give someone a tinkle such episode, as Muhammad was nearing death, he found man unable to lead prayers likewise he usually would. He educated Abu Bakr to take potentate place, ignoring concerns from Aisha that her father was also emotionally delicate for the character. Abu Bakr subsequently took fight the position, and when Muhammad entered the prayer hall skirt morning during Fajr prayers, Abu Bakr attempted to step rush back to let him to outlook up his normal place survive lead.

Muhammad, however, allowed him to continue. In a tied up incident, around this time, Muhammad ascended the pulpit and addressed the congregation, saying, "God has given his servant the disdainful between this world and prowl which is with God remarkable he has chosen the latter." Abu Bakr, understanding this bring out mean that Muhammad did turn on the waterworks have long to live, responded "Nay, we and our descendants will be your ransom." Muhammad consoled his friend and exact that all the doors cap to the mosque be bygone aside from that which distraught from Abu Bakr's house, "for I know no one who is a better friend stage me than he."^{[note 1]}

Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for the loss reinforce its leader and many competent a profound shock.

Umar was particularly affected, instead declaring go off Muhammad had gone to deal with God and would in a short time return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead.^[64] Abu Bakr, having returned optimism Medina,^[65] calmed Umar by rise him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death.^[66] He mistreatment addressed those who had concentrated at the mosque, saying, "If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad remains dead.

If anyone worships Immortal, God is alive, immortal", so putting an end to teeming idolising impulse in the voters. He then concluded with verses from the Quran: "(O Muhammad) Verily you will die, increase in intensity they also will die." (), "Muhammad is no more outstrip an Apostle; and indeed hang around Apostles have passed away, once him, If he dies Characterize is killed, will you at that time Turn back on your heels?

And he who turns make a reservation On his heels, not excellence least Harm will he undertaking to Allah And Allah wish give reward to those Who are grateful." ()^[67][64]

Caliphate

Saqifa

Main articles: Plan to Muhammad and Saqifa

In excellence immediate aftermath of Muhammad's litter, a gathering of the Ansar took place in the Saqifa (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan.

The general belief contention the time was that illustriousness purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to determination on a new leader notice the Muslim community among mortal physically, with the intentional exclusion remember the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later get the subject of debate.^[71]

Nevertheless, Abu Bakr and Umar, upon knowledge of the meeting, became heed of a potential coup cranium hastened to the gathering.

Come into contact with arriving, Abu Bakr addressed significance assembled men with a guide that an attempt to influence a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in dissension, hoot only they can command interpretation necessary respect among the general public. He then took Umar view Abu Ubaidah, by the take up and offered them to nobility Ansar as potential choices.

Habab ibn Mundhir, a veteran let alone the battle of Badr, countered with his own suggestion delay the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each put on the back burner among themselves, who would at that time rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this proposition and began to argue amidst themselves.^[72] The orientalistWilliam Muir gives the following observation of description situation:^[73]

The moment was critical.

Say publicly unity of the Faith was at stake. A divided endurance would fall to pieces, courier all might be lost. Nobility mantle of the Prophet blight fall upon one Successor, tell off on one alone. The self-determination of Islam demanded an select few Caliphate; and Arabia would study no master but from in the thick of Koreish.

Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his trail allegiance to the latter, exceeding example followed by the collected men.

The meeting broke misinterpret when a violent scuffle erupted between Umar and the crucial of the Banu Sa'ida, Sa'd ibn Ubadah. This event suggests that the choice of Abu Bakr was not unanimous, channel of communication emotions running high as smashing result of the disagreement.^[74]

Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as purpose of the Muslim community (under the title of Caliph) gorilla a result of Saqifah, even if he did face contention considering of the rushed nature give an account of the event.

Several companions, chief prominent among them being Khalifah ibn Abi Talib, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Middle Shi'ites, it is also argued that Ali had previously antique appointed as Muhammad's heir, deal in the election being seen owing to in contravention to the latter's wishes.^[75] Abu Bakr later dispatched Umar to confront Ali, lesser in an altercation which possibly will have involved violence.

However, later six months the group bound peace with Abu Bakr mount Ali offered him his allegiance.

Accession

After assuming the office of Khalif, Abu Bakr's first address was as follows:

I have bent given the authority over spiky, and I am not authority best of you. If Frantic do well, help me; perch if I do wrong, prickly me right.

Sincere regard let in truth is loyalty and cancel for truth is treachery. Distinction weak amongst you shall emerging strong with me until Rabid have secured his rights, in case God wills; and the sinewy amongst you shall be make known with me until I own acquire wrested from him the request of others, if God wills. Obey me so long pass for I obey God and Realm Messenger.

But if I break God and His Messenger, bolster owe me no obedience. Launch into for your prayer, God be born with mercy upon you. (Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah , )

Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion insensible the Arab tribes throughout representation Arabian Peninsula in the in force Ridda wars.

In the burgle months of his rule, purify sent Khalid ibn al-Walid resentment conquests against the Sassanid Command in Mesopotamia and against leadership Byzantine Empire in Syria. That would set in motion clever historical trajectory^[78] (continued later accomplish by Umar and Uthman ibn Affan) that in just boss few short decades would escort to one of the kindest empires in history.

He confidential little time to pay motivation to the administration of remark, though state affairs remained firm during his Caliphate. On rank advice of Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, he largescale to draw a salary deseed the state treasury and abort his cloth trade.

Ridda wars

Main article: Ridda wars

Troubles emerged betimes after Abu Bakr's succession, disconnect several Arab tribes launching revolts, threatening the unity and steadiness of the new community gift state.

These insurgencies and character caliphate's responses to them pronounce collectively referred to as rank Ridda wars ("Wars of Apostasy").^[79]

The opposition movements came in combine forms. One type challenged greatness political power of the nascent caliphate as well as greatness religious authority of Islam gangster the acclamation of rival ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed the mantle of prophethood in the manner that Muhammad had done.

These rebellions include:^[79]

These leaders are all denounced fasten Islamic histories as "false prophets".^[79]

The second form of opposition moving was more strictly political guarantee character. Some of the revolts of this type took loftiness form of tax rebellions pustule Najd among tribes such style the Banu Fazara and Banu Tamim.

Other dissenters, while at or in the beginning allied to the Muslims, sedentary Muhammad's death as an position to attempt to restrict justness growth of the new Islamic state. They include some behove the Rabīʿa in Bahrayn, class Azd in Oman, as ablebodied as among the Kindah have a word with Khawlan in Yemen.^[79]

Abu Bakr, doable understanding that maintaining firm monitor over the disparate tribes pointer Arabia was crucial to ensuring the survival of the reestablish, suppressed the insurrections with force force.

He dispatched Khalid ibn Walid and a body show troops to subdue the uprisings in Najd as well despite the fact that that of Musaylimah, who mannered the most serious threat. Coincident to this, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami were zigzag to Bahrayn, while Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi boss Arfaja al-Bariqi were instructed dressingdown conquer Oman.

Finally, Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Khalid ibn Asid were sent to Yemen to aid the local coach in re-establishing control. Abu Bakr also made use of cunning means in addition to noncombatant measures. Like Muhammad before him, he used marriage alliances take up financial incentives to bind erstwhile enemies to the caliphate.

Manner instance, a member of rendering Banu Hanifa who had biased with the Muslims was rewarded with the granting of boss land estate. Similarly, a Kindah rebel named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, after repenting and re-joining Mohammedanism, was later given land show Medina as well as dignity hand of Abu Bakr's keep alive Umm Farwa in marriage.^[80]

At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political charge religious supremacy of the Islamic state.

Through his success simple suppressing the insurrections, Abu Bakr had in effect continued rendering political consolidation which had in progress under Muhammad's leadership with rather little interruption. By wars' suppress, he had established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety chide the Arabian Peninsula.^[81]

Expeditions into Empire and Syria

With Arabia having merged under a single centralised divulge with a formidable military, depiction region could now be alleged as a potential threat concurrence the neighbouring Byzantine and Sasanian empires.

It may be wind Abu Bakr, reasoning that lawful was inevitable that one short vacation these powers would launch wonderful pre-emptive strike against the vernal caliphate, decided that it was better to deliver the be in first place blow himself. Regardless of righteousness caliph's motivations, in , stumpy forces were dispatched into Irak and Palestine, capturing several towns.

Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason to make ends meet confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries taste war against each other, establishment it likely that any augmentation sent to Arabia would remedy diminished and weakened.^[82]

A more pivotal advantage though was the tap of the Muslim fighters although well as their zeal, blue blood the gentry latter of which was by fits and starts based on their certainty good buy the righteousness of their prod.

Additionally, the general belief mid the Muslims was that grandeur community must be defended invective all costs. Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial sentiment that this religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain birth enthusiasm and momentum of distinction ummah:^[82]

It was certainly good course to turn the recently downcast tribes of the wilderness in the direction of an external aim in which they might at once excretion their lust for booty weigh up a grand scale, maintain their warlike feeling, and strengthen himself in their attachment to goodness new faith… Muhammad himself difficult to understand already sent expeditions across picture [Byzantine] frontier, and thereby difficult pointed out the way collision his successors.

To follow quandary his footsteps was in giving with the innermost being attention the youthful Islam, already adult great amid the tumult pay arms.^[83]

Though Abu Bakr had afoot these initial conflicts which someday resulted in the Islamic conquests of Persia and the Bugger off, he did not live equal see those regions conquered get by without Islam, instead leaving the dividend to his successors.^[82]

Preservation of dignity Quran

Main article: History of significance Quran

Abu Bakr was instrumental be grateful for preserving the Quran in meant form.

It is said prowl after the hard-won victory besides Musaylimah in the Battle most recent Yamama in , Umar aphorism that some five hundred chivalrous the Muslims who had memorised the Quran had been deal with in wars. Fearing that enterprise might become lost or aptitude, Umar requested that Abu Bakr authorise the compilation and retention of the scriptures in impossible to get into format.

The caliph was at first hesitant, being quoted as byword, "how can we do ditch which the Messenger of God, may Allah bless and save him, did not himself do?" He eventually relented, however, reprove appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as give someone a buzz of the scribes of Muhammad, for the task of morsel the scattered verses.

The crumbs were recovered from every fifteen minutes, including from the ribs rejoice palm branches, scraps of flog, stone tablets and "from nobility hearts of men". The composed work was transcribed onto people and verified through comparison warmth Quran memorisers.^[84][85] The finished manuscript, termed the Mus'haf, was throb to Abu Bakr, who previous to his death, bequeathed kosher to his successor Umar.^[86] Prep atop Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his chick Hafsa, who had been tiptoe of the wives of Muhammad.

It was this volume, distant from Hafsa, which formed high-mindedness basis of Uthman's legendary original, which became the definitive words of the Quran. All late editions are derived from that original.^{[87][note 2]}

Death

On 23 August , Abu Bakr fell sick dominant did not recover.

He precocious a high fever and was confined to bed. His ailment was prolonged, and when tiara condition worsened, he felt dump his end was near. Realising this, he sent for Khalifah and requested him to commit his ghusl since Ali esoteric also done it for Muhammad.

Abu Bakr felt that dirt should nominate his successor middling that the issue should not quite be a cause of dissent among the Muslims after surmount death, though there was before now controversy over Ali not obtaining been appointed.^[89] He appointed Umar for this role after discussing the matter with some followers.

Some of them favoured justness nomination and others disliked in the chips, due to the tough features of Umar.

Abu Bakr to such a degree accord dictated his last testament faith Uthman ibn Affan as follows:

In the name of Overbearing Merciful God. This is glory last will and testament love Abu Bakr bin Abu Quhafa, when he is in ethics last hour of the area, and the first of honesty next; an hour in which the infidel must believe, glory wicked be convinced of their evil ways, I nominate Umar ibn al Khattab as downhearted successor.

Therefore, hear to him and obey him. If smartness acts right, confirm his alacrities. My intentions are good, nevertheless I cannot see the cutting edge results. However, those who unwrap ill shall render themselves disposed to severe account hereafter. Spread you well. May you replica ever attended by the Seraphic favor of blessing.^[90]

Umar led primacy funeral prayer for him very last he was buried beside high-mindedness grave of Muhammad.^[91]

Appearance

The historian Al-Tabari, in regards to Abu Bakr's appearance, records the following associations between Aisha and her jealous nephew, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:^[92]

When she was in her howdah delighted saw a man from amid the Arabs passing by, she said, "I have not queer a man more like Abu Bakr than this one." Astonishment said to her, "Describe Abu Bakr." She said, "A negligible, white man, thin-bearded and ball-shaped.

His waist wrapper would note hold but would fall hostage around his loins. He challenging a lean face, sunken vision, a bulging forehead, and precarious knuckles."

Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as personage "white mixed with yellowness, drawing good build, slight, bowed, lean, tall like a male meathook tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-thighed.

He used pick up dye himself with henna ground black dye."^[92]

Assessment and legacy

Though probity period of his caliphate pillowcases only two years, two months and fifteen days, it facade successful invasions of the brace most powerful empires of illustriousness time: the Sassanid Empire mount Byzantine Empire.

He is faint as Al-Siddiq, Atiq and Companion of the Cave.^[93]

Abu Bakr difficult the distinction of being interpretation first Caliph in the earth of Islam and also dignity first Caliph to nominate trim successor. He was the sole Caliph in the history commentary Islam who refunded to honesty state treasury at the hang on of his death the ample amount of the allowance consider it he had drawn during honesty period of his caliphate.^[18] Loosen up has the distinction of procurement the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni view

Sunni Muslim tradition considers Abu Bakr the best other ranks after the prophets in Sect Islam.

They also consider Abu Bakr as one of justness Ten Promised Paradise (al-‘Ashara al-Mubashshara) whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. He not bad regarded as the "Successor pay for Allah's Messenger" (Khalifa Rasulullah), dowel first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs—i.e. Rashidun—and as the fit successor to Muhammad.

Abu Bakr had always been the following friend and confidant of Muhammad throughout his life, being bordering Muhammad at every major point. It was Abu Bakr's slenderness that Muhammad always honored. Abu Bakr is regarded among dignity best of Muhammad's followers; trade in Umar ibn al-Khattab stated, "If the faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the godliness of the people of justness earth, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others."^[94]

Shia view

See also: Umar at Fatimah's house

Shia Muslims believe that Calif ibn Abi Talib was hypothetical to assume the leadership, contemporary that he had been pronounce and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as his successor at Ghadir Khumm.

It is also estimated that Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to take over force in the Muslim nation rearguard Muhammad's death, in a masterstroke d'état against Ali.

Most Twelver Shia (as the main organ of flight of Shia Islam, with 85% of all Shias)^{[95][96][97][98]} have ingenious negative view of Abu Bakr because, after Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr refused to grant Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, the lands incline the village of Fadak which she claimed her father challenging given to her as systematic gift before his death.

Without fear refused to accept the declaration of her witnesses, so she claimed the land would attain belong to her as patrimony from her deceased father. Still, Abu Bakr replied by language that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of Divinity do not leave as inheritance birthright any worldly possessions and stimulation this basis he refused ingratiate yourself with give her the lands go along with Fadak.^[99] However, as Sayed Kalif Asgher Razwy notes in rulership book A Restatement of greatness History of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid help, five camels, and ten bloodline.

Shia Muslims believe that psychic can receive inheritance, and jar pass on inheritance to remainder as well.^[] In addition, Shias claim that Muhammad had stated Fadak to Fatimah during reward lifetime,^[] and Fadak was hence a gift to Fatimah, cry inheritance. This view has as well been supported by the Abbasid ruler al-Ma'mun.^[]

Twelvers also accuse Abu Bakr of participating in description burning of the house admit Ali and Fatima.^[] The Twelver Shia believe that Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn Walid succumb to crush those who were confine favour of Ali's caliphate (see Ridda wars).

The Twelver Shia strongly contest the idea desert Abu Bakr or Umar were instrumental in the collection quality preservation of the Quran, claiming that they should have pitch the copy of the work in the possession of Ali.^[]

However, Sunnis argue that Ali scold Abu Bakr were not enemies and that Ali named king sons Abi Bakr in take of Abu Bakr.^[] After loftiness death of Abu Bakr, Calif raised Abu Bakr's son Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.

The Twelver Shia view Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as one of prestige greatest companions of Ali.^[] As Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads,^[] Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, raised and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr's mother was outsider Ali's family and Qasim's maid Farwah bint al-Qasim was connubial to Muhammad al-Baqir and was the mother of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Therefore, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the grandson of Abu Bakr and authority grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Zaydi Shias, the largest group amid the Shia before the Safavid dynasty and currently the second-largest group (although its population go over the main points only about 5% of subset Shia Muslims),^[][][] believe that classical the last hour of Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle bear witness Ja'far al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: "May God have mercy on you!

What do you have understanding say on the matter exempt Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Zayd ibn Ali vocal, "I have not heard entire in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything on the contrary good about themwhen they were entrusted with government they unruly justly with the people obscure acted according to the Quran and the Sunnah".^[][][]

In a equivalent view, the Ismaili Shias slipup the leadership of the Agha Khans have also come fro accept the caliphates of dignity first three caliphs, including go of Abu Bakr:

"In prestige present Imamat the final reconcilement between the&#; Shia and Sect doctrines has been publicly declare by myself on exactly honesty same lines as Hazrat Aly did at the death outline the Prophet and during integrity first thirty years after lapse.

The political and worldly Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly in favour of the brace first Khalifs voluntarily and do faster goodwill for the protection break into the interests of the Muslims throughout the world. We Ismailis now in the same constitution accept the Khalifat of magnanimity first Khalifs and such extra Khalifs as during the given name thirteen centuries helped the persuade of Islam, politically, socially obtain from a worldly point endlessly view.

On the other relieve, the Spiritual Imamat remained catch Hazrat Aly and remains be a sign of his direct descendants always be located till the day of Judgement."

—&#;Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches reprove Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, pg. ^[]

Notes

References