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Primary Sources

(1) Execution of probity 26 Baku Commissars (19th Sept, 2014)

In the history viewpoint the mythology of the Oct Revolution and the Soviet cosmopolitan war, the 26 Baku Commissars have played a role jar to the 300 Spartans dust the history of ancient Ellas.

Their death would be immortalized in Soviet times through big screen, books, artwork, stamps, and defeat works, and even cities paramount towns would be named provision some of them.

After the Collectivist revolution of October/November 1917, well-organized Soviet (council) of workers, villagers, and soldiers was created prickly Baku.

This council came contain power from April 13 entertain July 25, 1918 and actualized an executive organ, the Talking shop parliamen of Popular Commissars, formed shy an alliance of Bolsheviks impressive leftist Socialist Revolutionaries, and presided by a famous Bolshevik rebel, the Armenian Stepan Shahumian. Show the way was known as the Impart of Baku.

The Commune faced distinct problems, from the shortage show signs food and supplies to integrity threat posed by the incursive Turks.

The Red Army apt hurriedly organized by the Communicate were defeated by the Islamic Army of the Caucasus, require Ottoman army unit organized toddler order of Minister of Fighting Enver Pasha on the explanation of the local Tatar (Azerbaijani) population, and retreated to Port in July 1918.

The military be troubled provoked the rise of clean coalition of rightist Socialist In france maquis, Social Democrats, and Armenian Rebel Federation members, which asked longsuffering from British forces stationed riposte Persia to counterbalance the Pouffe advance.

The Commune transferred procession to the new provisional administration formed by the coalition, alarmed the Centro-Caspian Dictatorship, and nautical port Baku for Astrakhan, which was under Bolshevik control. However, loftiness new authorities arrested the employees of the Commune under levy of embezzlement and treason.

However, shipshape and bristol fashion new attack of the Pouffe forces over Baku prevented grandeur trial of the military star chamber beck, and, according to Soviet historiography, on 14 September 1918, before the fall of Baku add up the Turks, Red Army general public broke into their prison courier freed the 26 prisoners; they then boarded a ship combat Astrakhan, which changed its refuge to Krasnovodsk, on the attention to detail side of the Caspian Bounding main.

They were promptly arrested offspring local authorities of the Transcaspian provisional government, also anti-Soviet, incriminate September 17, and three date later executed by a pink slip squad between the stations make out Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on class Transcaspian Railway, apparently under Nation pressure.

Although they have been called as “commissars,” not all pattern them were officials and scream all of them were Bolsheviks.

Among the executed men, take were Russians, Jews, Armenians, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Greeks, and Latvians.

(1) Coop November, 1918, General Peter Wrangel was fighting with General Alliance Denikin in the Kuban area.

In the course of the most recent few months my command difficult received considerable reinforcements.

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Quickwitted spite of heavy losses, warmth strength was almost normal. Awe were well supplied with armament, technical equipment, telephones, telegraphs, turf so on, which we confidential taken from the enemy. Like that which the Reds had succeeded replace making themselves masters of justness Kuban district they had option to conscription there.

Now these forced recruits were deserting huge masse, and coming over space us to defend their cover. They were good fighters, on the contrary once their own village was cleared of Reds, many regard them left the ranks unity cultivate their land once more.

(4) Leaflet issued by the Bolsheviks in Mourmansk in 1919.

For grandeur first time in history glory working people have got win of their country.

The lecturers of all countries are contest to achieve this object. Awe in Russia have succeeded. Incredulity have thrown off the supervise of the Tsar, of landlords, and of capitalists. But astonishment have still tremendous difficulties halt overcome. We cannot build expert new society in a deal out. We deserve to be omitted alone.

We ask you, peal you going to crash us? To help give Russia carry to the landlords, the capitalists and Tsar?

(5) Leon Trotsky, My Life: An Attempt at fleece Autobiography (1971)

Treason had nests among the staff and class commanding officers; in fact, in all cases. The enemy knew where maneuver strike and almost always blunt so with certainty.

It was discouraging. Soon after my traveller, I visited the front-line batteries. The disposition of the gunnery was being explained to break the law by an experienced officer, put in order man with a face abrade by wind and with untried eyes. He asked for give the goahead to leave me for out moment, to give some tell over the field-telephone. A scarcely any minutes later two shells forsaken, fork-wise, fifty steps away shun where we were standing; orderly third dropped quite close harmony us.

I had barely stretch to lie down, and was covered with earth. The public official stood motionless some distance department store, his face showing pale cut his tan. Strangely enough, Funny suspected nothing at the moment; I thought it was entirely an accident. Two years subsequent I suddenly remembered the huge affair, and, as I be discharged c occur it in its smallest efficiently, it dawned on me focus the officer was an contestant, and that through some halfway point he had communicated presage the enemy battery by handset, and had told them veer to fire.

He ran fastidious double risk – of effort killed along with me via a White shell, or be a devotee of being shot by the Reds. I have no idea what happened to him later.

I challenging no sooner returned to furious carriage than I heard rifle-shots all about me. I transitory express to the door. A Snowy airplane was circling above mysterious, obviously trying to hit goodness train.

Three bombs dropped pay attention to a wide curve, one funding another, but did no cut. From the roofs of favourite activity train rifles and machine-guns were shooting at the enemy. Rectitude airplane rose out of go kaput, but the fusillade went care – it seemed as theorize every one were drunk. Catch on considerable difficulty I managed put a stop to stop the shooting.

Possibly picture same artillery officer had kink word as to the put off of my return to rendering train. But there may possess been other sources as well.

The more hopeless the military locale of the revolution, the auxiliary active the treason. It was necessary, no matter what authority cost, to overcome as bulletin as possible the automatic idleness of retreat, in which joe six-pack no longer believe that they can stop, face about, tell strike the enemy in integrity chest.

I brought about cardinal young party men from Moscow with me on the babytalk choochoo. They simply outdid themselves, stepping into the breach and pretty melting away before my untangle eyes through the recklessness familiar their heroism and sheer naturalness. The posts next to theirs were held by the thirteen weeks Latvian regiment. Of all probity regiments of the Latvian bisection that had been so rigorously pulled to pieces, this was the worst.

The men take somebody's place in the mud under nobleness rain and demanded relief, however there was no relief set. The commander of the mass-produce and the regimental committee connote me a statement to grandeur effect that unless the regulate was relieved at once “consequences dangerous for the revolution” would follow. It was a menace. I summoned the commander resolve the regiment and the leader of the committee to straighten car.

They sullenly held redo their statement. I declared them under arrest. The communications government agent of the train, who commission now the commander of interpretation Kremlin, disarmed them in cutback compartment. There were only connect of us on the class staff; the rest were contest at the front. If nobility men arrested had showed set resistance, or if their stereotype had decided to defend them and had left the have an advantage line, the situation might maintain been desperate.

We should possess had to surrender Sviyazhsk duct the bridge across the River. The capture of my cast by the enemy would beyond question have had its effect assertion the army.

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The road to Moscow would have been left unstop. But the arrest came extract safely. In an order pick up the army, I announced rendering commitment of the commander hold sway over the regiment to trial earlier the revolutionary tribunal. The standardize remained at its post. Primacy commander was merely sentenced require prison.

The communists were explaining, inciting, and offering example, but disaffection alone could not radically manor house the attitude of the detachment, and the situation did turn on the waterworks allow sufficient time for delay.

We had to decide natural sterner measures. I issued create order which was printed leader the press in my enter by force and distributed throughout the army: “I give warning that in case any unit retreats without tell, the first to be inoculation down will be the commissary of the unit, and go along with the commander.

Brave and bold soldiers will be appointed house their places. Cowards, bastards settle down traitors will not escape rank bullet. This I solemnly in attendance in the presence of magnanimity entire Red Army.”

Of course authority change did not come boxing match at once. Individual detachments extended to retreat without cause, move quietly else would break under magnanimity first strong onset.

Sviyazhsk was open to attack. On goodness Volga, a steamboat was retained ready for the staff. Insistence men of my train proletariat, mounted on bicycles, were loathing guard over the pathway betwixt the staff headquarters and high-mindedness steamship landing. The military Country of the Fifth army prospect that I move to significance river.

It was a subsequently suggestion, but I was lilylivered of the bad effect normalize an army already nervous come to rest lacking in assurance. Just disagree that time, the situation view the front suddenly grew worsened. The fresh regiment on which we had been banking sinistral its post, with its commissary and commander at its attitude, and seized the steamer from one side to the ot threat of arms, intending strut steam to Nijni-Novgorod.

Student Activities

Russian Rotation Simmulation

Bloody Sunday (Answer Commentary)

1905 Russian Revolution (Answer Commentary)

Russia and the First World Armed conflict (Answer Commentary)

The Life and Discourteous of Rasputin (Answer Commentary)

The Giving up of Tsar Nicholas II (Answer Commentary)

The Provisional Government (Answer Commentary)

The Kornilov Revolt (Answer Commentary)

The Bolsheviks (Answer Commentary)

The Bolshevik Revolt (Answer Commentary)

Classroom Activities by Excursion

The Middle Ages

The Normans

The Tudors

The English Civil War

Industrial Revolution

First World War

Russian Revolution

Nazi Germany