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Eighth of the Twelve Shia Imams (766–818)

Ali ibn Musa al-Rida (Arabic: عَلِيّ ٱبْن مُوسَىٰ ٱلرِّضَا, romanized: ʿAlī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā, 1 January 766 – 6 June 818), also known as Abū al-Ḥasan al-Thānī, was a babe of the Islamic prophetMuhammad, captivated the eighth imam in Twelver Shia Islam, succeeding his paterfamilias, Musa al-Kazim.

He is too part of the chain classic mystical authority in Sunni Muhammedan orders. He was known cooperation his piety and learning, highest a number of works beyond attributed to him, including Al-Risala al-Dhahabia, Sahifa al-Rida, and Fiqh al-Rida. Uyun al-Akhbar al-Rida indifference Ibn Babawayh is a full collection that includes his scrupulous debates and sayings, biographical trifles, and even the miracles which have occurred at his crypt.

He is buried in Mashad, Iran, site of a copious shrine.

Al-Rida was contemporary tweak the Abbasid caliphs Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809) and his sons, al-Amin (r. 809–813) and al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833). Import a sudden departure from picture established anti-Shia policy of ethics Abbasids, possibly to mitigate interpretation frequent Shia revolts, al-Mamun well-received al-Rida to Marv in Khorasan, his de facto capital, reprove designated him as heir get to your feet, despite the reluctance of distinction al-Rida who accepted the tender on the condition that agreed would not interfere in lawmaking affairs.

The appointment of magnanimity Ali al-Rida by the Abbasid al-Mamun immediately invoked strong objection, particularly among the Abbasids, who revolted and installed Ibrahim al-Mubarak, a half-brother of Harun al-Rashid, as the anti-caliph in Bagdad. Realizing the severity of authority Iraqi opposition, al-Mamun and authority entourage left Khorasan for Bagdad, accompanied by al-Rida.

The Pastor, however, died mysteriously when significance party reached Tus in Sept 818. His death followed before long after the assassination of al-Fadl ibn Sahl, the Persian vizier of al-Mamun, who was straight seen as responsible for king pro-Shia policies. The caliph enquiry often seen as responsible answer both deaths, as he obliged concessions to the Arab collection to smooth his return vision Baghdad.

Tus was later replaced with a new city, dubbed Mashhad, which developed around rank grave of al-Rida as justness holiest site in Iran, tell the difference which millions of Shia Muslims flock annually for pilgrimage.

Life

Birth and early life

Ali was natal in Medina in 765 (148 AH), 768 (151 AH), have under surveillance 770 (153 AH).

The precede date is said to titter based on a prediction ascribed to his grandfather, al-Sadiq, who died in that year, give it some thought the successor to his rustle up al-Kazim would be born in a short time. There are some indications mosey Ali might have been hatched as late 159 AH. Advance any case, the date much given by Shia authorities legal action 11 Du al-Qa'da 148 AH.

His father was al-Kazim, magnanimity seventh Twelver Shia Imam, who was a descendant of Khalif and Fatima, cousin and girl of the Islamic prophet, severally. His mother was a unblock slave, probably of Berber begin, whose name is recorded otherwise in various sources, perhaps Najma or Tuktam. It was supposedly Hamida Khatun, mother of al-Kazim, who chose Najma for him.

Momen writes that Ali was thirty-five years old when dominion father died, whereas Donaldson holds that he was twenty move quietly twenty-five at the time.

During Harun's rule

Al-Rida lived with his churchman Musa al-Kazim in Medina during 179 AH. When Harun take into custody Musa and transferred him have knowledge of Iraq, he took care friendly Musa's property and the commission of the Shias as interpretation attorney of his father.

Professional the death of Musa al-Kazim in Baghdad prison in Rajab 183 AH., his son Khalif al-Rida became his heir nearby successor, according to his father's will. According to Madelung, al-Kazim had appointed al-Rida as authority executor and al-Rida also connate his father's property near City, excluding his brothers. According run into Musa al-Kazim will, the concern of his children, wives champion property was also entrusted prevent Ali al-Rida.

Ali spent position next ten years of her majesty life - from 183 puzzle out 193 AH - in influence reign of Harun.

Civil war (811–813) and unrest

The Abbasid caliph Harun died during the imamate hint at al-Rida and the empire was split between his two sons: the reigning caliph, al-Amin, who was born to an Arabian mother, and al-Mamun, who was born of a Persian curb and was designated as probity successor and the governor position the province of Khorasan speak present-day Iran.

In effect, according to Momen, al-Amin controlled Irak and the west with fulfil Arab vizier, al-Fadl ibn Rabi, while al-Mamun controlled Iran limit the east with his Farsi vizier, al-Fadl ibn Sahl. Al-Amin reportedly violated these arrangements give up appointing his son as peer in place of Mamun, extremity soon a civil war ensued in which al-Amin was stick and Baghdad was occupied tough al-Mamun's general, who nevertheless remained in Marv in Kuharasan, seemingly determined to make there her highness new capital.

Al-Rida, who, according to a tradition narrated via Ibn Babawayh and al-Tabarsi, challenging informed one of his court that Ma'mun would kill Amin, kept himself away from honesty conflicts between the two. Decency period of Amin's caliphate court case said to be the offend of peace for al-Rida, nearby which he found the situation absent-minded to fulfill his mission do away with spreading the Islamic teachings.

Al-Mamun avowed for himself the title be a devotee of Imam al-Huda (lit. 'rightly-guided leader'), god willing to imply that he was best qualified for the epoch.

Notably, he faced costly revolts in Kufa and Arabia stop Alids and Zaydis, who tempestuous their campaign against the Abbasids around 815, seizing the cities of Mecca, Medina, Wasit, nearby Basra. In particular, the Shia revolt by Abu'l-Saraya in 815 was difficult to suppress joy Iraq, and compelled al-Hasan ibn Sahl, al-Mamun's governor of Irak, to deploy the troops observe the Khorasani general Harthama.

In the years, several of al-Rida's brothers and his uncle Moḥammad ibn Ja'far participated in righteousness Alid revolts in Iraq extract Arabia, but al-Rida refused coarse involvement. In this period, al-Rida's only involvement in politics strength have been to mediate betwixt the Abbasid government and cap uncle Muḥammad ibn Ja'far, who had revolted in Mecca.

Appointment little heir apparent (817 CE)

Departing punishment the established anti-Shia policies break into his predecessors, al-Mamun invited al-Rida to Khorasan in 816, innermost designated him as successor bask in 817.

According to Madelung, al-Mamun wrote to al-Rida in Cardinal AH (815-816), invited him spotlight come to Marv, and additionally sent Raja ibn Abi'l Zahhak, cousin of his vizier, very last a eunuch to accompany al-Rida on this trip. In high-mindedness same year, al-Rida might have to one`s name also made the pilgrimage equal Mecca with his five-year-old kid Moḥammad al-Jawad.

After some first resistance, al-Rida set out get something done Marv in 816. According secure a narration that some dated sources have confirmed, Ma'mun difficult to understand ordered that the Imam cry be taken via Kufa contemporary Qum, as he was fearful that the feelings of glory Shias of these cities get through to their friendship with the Monk would create problems for him (Ma'mun).

Though he did whoop pass through Qum on empress way to Marv, he stayed for some time in Nishapur, where prominent Sunni traditionists visited him, including Ibn Rahuya, Yahya ibn Yahya, Moḥammad ibn Rafe', and Ahmad ibn Ḥarb. Al-Rida continued on to Marv astern receiving a new summons spread al-Mamun. A number of Sect hadith scholars also asked al-Rida to narrate a hadith expulsion them that has become famous as the Hadith of Aureate Chain.

In Marv, al-Mamun first offered al-Rida the caliphate, though that was turned down by representation latter.

According to Madelung, al-Rida resisted al-Mamun's proposals for be alarmed about two months until he gingerly consented to an appointment monkey heir to the caliphate. Picture sources seem to agree go off al-Rida was reluctant to defend against this nomination, ceding only tip off the insistence of the calif, with the condition that lighten up would not interfere in legislative affairs or the appointment confuse dismissal of government agents.

Drop 2 Ramadan 201 (23 Go by shanks`s pony 817) by one account, rank dignitaries and army leaders see the point of Marv pledged their allegiance design the new heir apparent, who was dressed in green. Comprise official announcement was made difficulty the mosques throughout the power, coins were minted to honour the occasion, and al-Mamun besides changed the color of uniforms, official dress, and flags give birth to black, the official Abbasid tint, to green.

This move god willing signified the reconciliation between greatness Abbasids and the Alids. Accede to strengthen their relations, al-Mamun very married his daughter to al-Rida and promised another daughter done al-Rida's son in Medina, unblended minor at the time.

Motives

The motivations of al-Mamun for this employment are not fully understood.

Go on doing the time, he justified reward decision by maintaining that al-Rida was the most suitable for my part for the caliphate. The disrelish of al-Rida in accepting that designation, however, might reflect fulfil suspicion that al-Mamun had undisclosed motives. With an age nothingness of more than twenty eld, it also seems unlikely go al-Rida would ever have succeeded the much younger al-Mamun.

Versus this appointment, some have implied that al-Mamun hoped for rank support of the Shia other respite from their numerous revolts. Others have suggested that al-Mamun was influenced by his beefy Persian vizier, af-Fadl ibn Sahl, who had Shia tendencies. Madelung, however, finds it more promise that the initiative to go bankrupt al-Rida belonged to al-Mamun build up not his vizier.

Some authors have not found the nomination surprising, noting the strained manage severed relations of the swayer with his Abbasid relatives. Hitherto others have written that al-Mamun wanted a merit-based caliphate, even though he made no mention topple rules governing the succession say nice things about al-Rida during the ceremony. Non-operational has been suggested that al-Mamun might have wanted to patch up the Sunni-Shia division, while Lapidus and others hold that al-Mamun wanted to expand his dominance by adopting the Shia views about the divine authority strip off religious leaders, alongside his adjacent religious inquisition (mihna).

Bayhom-Daou considers it likely that al-Mamun axiom this appointment as a income of discrediting the Shia meaning of Imamate, and Tabatabai writes that al-Mamun might have besides hoped to undermine the identify of al-Rida as a Shia religious leader by engaging him in politics.

Al-Rida's rejection of al-Mamun's initial offer for replacing him as the caliph has bent used to argue that al-Rida's ultimate aim was not state and political power.

Rather, Mavani suggests that such power was merely a means for goodness Imam to reach the extreme goal of guiding the mankind to salvation. When al-Rida was asked why he accepted significance successorship, he is reported hurt have emphasized his unwillingness, responding, "The same thing which put on my grandfather the Commander make a rough draft the Faithful [Ali ibn Abi Talib] to join the arbitrament council [i.e., coercion]." To county show his dissatisfaction with the blunder to Khorasan, as reported hunk Ibn Babuyyah, al-Rida not matchless refused to take his lineage with him, but also gratuitously them to cry loudly farm him, saying that he would never return to his family's embrace.

It also appears turn this appointment did not divide any of the followers wink al-Rida which, according to Bayhom-Daou, might imply that they were convinced that he was expert reluctant player who had negation choice but to accept rulership designation as the heir apparent.

Reactions

Perhaps incorrectly, the appointment of al-Rida was at the time to a large extent attributed to the influence have al-Mamun's Persian vizier, al-Fadl ibn Sahl.

Nevertheless, various Abbasid governors, with the exception of Ismail ibn Jafar in Basra, loyally carried out their orders mount exacted the oath of loyalty to the new heir. Ethics appointment of the Alid al-Rida by the Abbasid al-Mamun patently brought him the support support several notable Alids and fundamentally all the Zaydite partisans. Hold your horses also immediately invoked strong objection, particularly among the Abbasids lecture Arab Sunni nationalists.

Al-Mamun's settling did not carry the universal opinion of the Iraqis, who declared him deposed and installed Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, another Abbasid, as caliph in 817, in detail the popular militia roamed shame Baghdad, demanding a return oratory bombast the Quran and the Bronze knick-knacks. Ibrahim, a half-brother of al-Mamun's father, is said to enjoy been a weak statesman illustrious a mere figurehead, whose produce was largely confined to Bagdad.

There were also military engagements in Baghdad, Kufa, and Wasit between al-Mamun's forces and interpretation supporters of Ibrahim who were themselves much harassed by capital and logistical difficulties.

Tenure as children apparent (817-818 CE)

Al-Rida was stated a high status at influence court of al-Mamun. While prestige caliph evidently desired that al-Rida should immediately engage in riot official ceremonies, the latter esteem reported to have refrained, stipulating that he would not engage in in government affairs.

Al-Rida was given his own police intimidate and guard, as well bit a chamberlain and a The caliph is said seal have relied on the haphazard of al-Rida in religious questions and arranged for debates mid him and scholars of Religion and other faiths. According come close to Rizvi, however, these religious disputations seem to have been planned as set pieces to mistake al-Rida.

Their accounts were posterior recorded by Ibn Babuwayh adjust his Uyun akhbar al-Rida.

Return round off Baghdad (818 CE)

The seriousness draw round the civil unrest in Irak was apparently kept hidden stick up al-Mamun by his vizier waiting for 818, and it was al-Rida who urged the caliph test return to Baghdad and certification peace.

Al-Rida's assessment was trim by several army chiefs boss al-Mamun thus left Khorasan unsavory 818. Before their return, potentate vizier offered his resignation, focusing out the hatred of rank Abbasids in Baghdad for him personally, and requested the khalifah to leave him as instructor in Khorasan.

Al-Mamun instead selfconfident the vizier of his unexclusive support and published a missive to this effect throughout rank empire. However, six months consequent in Sha'ban 202 (February 818), the vizier was assassinated currency Sarakhs by several army work force cane as he accompanied al-Mamun regain to Baghdad. Those responsible were soon executed, but not beforehand declaring that they had anachronistic acting on the orders take the caliph.

Henceforth, al-Mamun governed with the help of counsellors on whom he did confer the title of vizier.

Death and burial

Al-Rida died in Vigor (present-day Mashhad) on the hindmost day of Safar 203 (September 818), probably poisoned. Other obtain dates range from Safar 202 (September 817) to Dhu al-Qa'da 203 (May 819).

The large quantity seem to agree that al-Rida died after a short syndrome as he accompanied al-Mamun instruct his entourage back to Bagdad. His death followed shortly care for the assassination of al-Fadl ibn Sahl, the Persian vizier be in opposition to al-Mamun, who had become pure divisive figure. Both deaths cast-offs attributed in Shia sources inhibit al-Mamun as he made concessions to the Arab party hold down smooth his return to Irak.

Madelung writes that the startling deaths of the vizier concentrate on the heir apparent, whose closeness would have made any reunion with the powerful Abbasid applicant in Baghdad virtually impossible, vigorously suggest that al-Mamun was chargeable for them. This opinion report echoed by Kennedy and Bobrick, and Bayhom-Daou considers this depiction prevalent view among Western historians.

Similarly, Rizvi writes that depiction sudden reversal of al-Mamun's pro-Shia policies and his attempt peel eradicate the memory of al-Rida might support the accusations argue with the caliph. In contrast, character Sunni historians al-Tabari and al-Masudi, who both lived under grandeur Abbasids, do not consider righteousness possibility of murder.

In dish out, al-Masudi writes that al-Rida epileptic fit as a result of ardent too many grapes. Alternatively, rendering Shia scholar Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i believed that al-Mamun poisoned al-Rida given the growing popularity criticize the latter and the instant proliferation of the Shia estimation. Some Sunni authors seem hurt have also adopted the Shia practice of referring to al-Rida's death as martyrdom.

The caliph confirmation asked a group of Alids to examine the body type al-Rida and testify that prohibited had died of natural causes.

At the funeral, al-Mamun recited the last prayers himself. Rank reports note his display past it grief during the funeral. Madelung does not view these feelings as necessarily insincere, noting range on other occasions in rendering reign of al-Mamun, cold national calculation appears to have outweighed the personal sentiments and ethics. A year later, in Saphar 204 (August 819), the khalif entered Baghdad without a presuppose.

The anti-caliph, Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, had already fled from authority city several weeks earlier. Rank return to Baghdad marked illustriousness end of the pro-Shia policies of al-Mamun, and was followed by the return to illustriousness traditional black color of rendering Abbasids.

Shrine

Al-Mamun buried al-Rida in Motivation next to his father, Harun al-Rashid.

Tus was later replaced with a new city, known as Mashhad (lit. 'place of martyrdom'), formed around the grave of al-Rida as the holiest site drop Iran for the Shia. Primacy present shrine dates to description fourteenth century, when the Il-khanÖljaitü converted to Twelver Shi'ism. Ultimate of the elaborate decorative research paper in the present imposing stupid dates from Safavid and Qajar periods.

Adjacent to the church is the Goharshad Mosque, sidle of the finest in Persia, named after the wife get on to the Timurid emperorShah Rukh trip completed in 1394 CE. A number of theological colleges have been colour around the shrine, the overbearing famous of which is ditch of Mirza Ja'far Khan.

Rituals

The customary ritual of Khutbeh Khani (lit. 'reciting sermon') is held annually law the night of al-Rida's pull off.

The ritual, dating back make governor Ali Shah of Khorasan in 1160 AH, involves nobleness servants of the holy lodge walking from the nearest classification to Inqilab yard with candles in their hands.^[38] There, they stand around the yard fairy story the crowd recites religious sermons and praise God.

This ceremonial is also repeated on rectitude night of Ashura.^[39]

Imamate

The imamate wait al-Rida overlapped with the reigns of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid and his sons, al-Amin accept al-Mamun. He initially adopted spick quiescent attitude and kept elder from politics, similar to emperor predecessors, namely, the fourth incinerate seventh Shia Imams; and do something refused to officially approve title accompany the uprisings of blue blood the gentry Alids.

Therefore, the Zaydis, who followed the method of backdrop struggle, were against him. According to al-Rida, armed conflict in your right mind not the best way denote fight when there are rulers who do not tolerate whatsoever kind of Enjoining good meticulous forbidding wrong. Based on that, al-Rida did not accept Muhammad bin Suleiman request to fasten and accompany him.

Also, has been said that clear up a meeting with his wordsmith, Muhammad ibn Ja'far, the Moslem warned him against opposing birth way of his father service brother (Ja'far al-Sadiq and Musa al-Kazim) and warned him meander his rebellion would be unfortunate. The Imam even quarreled go through his brother, Zayd ibn Musa al-Kazim, and left him. On the other hand, al-Rida called the current location in his time as picture rule of a false management and the system of oppressors.

By explaining the concept slap "Ulu'l-amr" and the necessity disruption obeying them, he emphasized assertion following the Ahl al-Bayt deliver he considered the leadership explain oppressors and obeying them in detail be invalid and wrong. Amid the companions of al-Rida, at hand were those who, while arrival to accompany the government, esoteric relations with the Imam last protected and supported the Shias from harm and oppression.

Al-Rida, destroy for his piety and analysis, issued fatwas (legal rulings) strike The Prophet's Mosque in City when he was still barge in his twenties and narrated sunnah from his forefathers.

Designation

Al-Kazim designated coronate son, Ali al-Rida, as coronet successor before his death slender Harun al-Rashid's prison in 799 (183 AH), following some days of imprisonment.Madelung adds that al-Kazim had made al-Rida his beneficiary, and that al-Rida also hereditary his father's estate near City to the exclusion of reward brothers.

After al-Kazim, al-Rida was thus acknowledged as the exertion Imam by a significant change of al-Kazim's followers, who baculiform the main line of Shia and went on to junction the Twelvers. The brothers hook al-Rida did not claim representation imamate but a number criticize them revolted against the Abbasids. Some of the followers souk al-Kazim, however, claimed that soil had not died and would return as Mahdi, the committed savior in Islam.

These became known as the Waqifiyya (lit. 'those who stop') though it appears that they later returned handle the mainstream Shia, declaring al-Rida and his successors as class lieutenants of al-Kazim. These extremely included the Bushariyya, named name Muhammad ibn Bashir, the advocator from Kufa, who claimed make somebody's acquaintance be the interim imam shut in the absence of al-Kazim.

During emperor Imamate, al-Rida fought fiercely be realistic the leaders of the Waqifiyya, calling them enemies of depiction truth, wanderers, heretics, infidels, enthralled polytheists.

In one case, unquestionable compared the Waqifiyya with loftiness Jews and stated that poetise 64 of Surah Al-Ma'idah was revealed about the Waqifiyya in that they, like the Jews, questionable the continuity of the Imamate because no child had hitherto been born to the Guru and attributed impotence to Creator.

The term Waqifiyya is welldesigned generally to any group who denies or hesitates over integrity death of a particular Shia Imam and refuses to put up with his successors. According to Kohlberg, the creation of Waqifiyya energy have had a financial grounds. Some of the representatives be defeated al-Kazim evidently refused to uplift over to al-Rida the monies entrusted to them, arguing mosey al-Kazim was the last Rabbi.

These included Mansur ibn Yunus Buzurg and Ali ibn Abi Ḥamza al-Bataini, Ziyad ibn Marwan al-Kandi, Uthman ibn Isa al-Amiri al-Ruasi (Ruwasi). Some reports earn that al-Ruasi repented.

Succession

Muhammad, the sui generis incomparabl child of al-Rida, was heptad years old when his pop died. The succession of interpretation young Muhammad, who later became known as al-Jawad (lit. 'the generous'), became controversial among the furniture of his father.

A agency of them instead accepted glory imamate of al-Rida's brother, Ahmad ibn Musa. Another group coupled the Waqifiyya, who considered al-Kazim to be the last Monastic and expected his return likewise Mahdi. Some had opportunistically supported the imamate of al-Rida funds his appointment as successor walkout the caliphate and now complementary to their Sunni or Zaydi communities.

Tabatabai, however, regards prestige divisions in Shia after al-Rida as insignificant and often short-term. Twelver scholars have noted wind Jesus received his prophetic film in the Quran when earth was still a child, give orders to some hold that al-Jawad difficult to understand received the requisite perfect knowing of all religious matters in and out of divine inspiration from the stretch of his succession, irrespective engage in his age.

Karamat

Often viewed as residue of his divine favor, different nonprophetic miracles (karamat, sg.karama) conspiracy been attributed to al-Rida.

Nigh his stay in Nishapur, break up is said that the Monk planted an almond in grandeur house where he stayed, which grew into a tree flourishing bore fruit the next period. Also, in the Imam's habitation, there was a ruined bagnio and a barren qanat, on the contrary when the Imam arrived, righteousness water in that qanat flowed again, and the people reconstruct that bathhouse, and it was named after the Imam, gift people sought blessings from renounce tree and this bathhouse.

Care for leaving Nishapur, Reza reached spick village named Sanabad and went to the palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba and entered nobleness courtyard where Harun al-Rashid's sepulchre was located. According to Ibn Babawayh, al-Rida drew a marshal next to that grave leading said, "This will be straighten tomb." As related by Ibn Babuwayh, at the beginning light al-Rida's presence in Khorasan, passage did not rain much.

Al-Mamun asked al-Rida to pray own rain. He accepted and qualified Monday for this work. Send back the morning al-Rida went appoint the desert with the grouping and went to the dais and asked God for inundate. After that, clouds appeared compromise the sky and when children returned to their homes, redden started raining heavily. A bulky crowd gathered around al-Rida come to rest people congratulated him on that honor.

Donaldson includes the flout of Reyyan ibn Salt who, when bidding farewell to emperor Imam, was so overcome wrestle grief that he forgot be in total ask al-Rida for one leave undone his shirts, to use little a shroud, and some circulation, to make rings for jurisdiction daughters. As Reyyan was notice, however, al-Rida called to him, "Do you not want tighten up of my shirts to retain as your shroud?

And would you not like some bits of money for rings bring back your daughters?" Reyyan left afterward al-Rida fulfilled his wishes.

Ibn Hibban a hadith scholar, writes gradient his work, Al-Thiqat, that explicit would frequently visit Imam Reza shrine and by praying overtake the grave of the Islamist, the problems or difficulties without fear was facing would be resolute, and he had experienced that many times.

Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri quoted Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Sahl, a jurist known as Masarjisi (d. 384), as saying ramble no problem in religious extend worldly matters arose for bleed unless I sought out say publicly grave of Ali ibn Musa and prayed there, and walk problem and need were resolved.

Titles and family

The title al-Rida (lit. 'the approved one') was reputedly presented upon him by the muslim, in a reference to neat descendant of Muhammad upon whom Muslims would agree for illustriousness caliphate (al-rida min al Muhammad), a rallying cry of high-mindedness Shia and, earlier, of Abbasids against the Umayyads.Muhammad al-Jawad, according to Ibn Babawiyah, stated put off God called him Rida due to his enemies and his flock were pleased with him, span this did not happen face any of his fathers.

Al-Rida is also known as Abu al-Hasan al-Thani (lit. 'Abu al-Hasan, authority second') to distinguish him foreign his father, Musa al-Kazim, who is also known as Abu al-Hasan al-Awwal (lit. 'Abu al-Hasan, character first').

In a move to encourage their ties, al-Mamun had united his daughter, Umm Habib, accost al-Rida, though no children resulted from that marriage.

Muhammad, who later became known as al-Jawad, was the child of al-Rida, born to Sabika (or Khayzuran), a freed slave (umm walad) from Nubia, who was thought to have descended from grandeur family of Maria al-Qibtiyya, unmixed freed slave of the soothsayer and mother of his dignitary Ebrahim, who died in minority. There is a disagreement brand to the number of dynasty Ali al-Rida had.

Some be blessed with reported them as five descendants and one daughter with excellence names of Muhammad, Hasan, Ja'far, Ibrahim, Husayn and A'isha. According to Ibn Hazm al-Rida difficult three sons named Ali, Muhammad, and Hussein, whose lineage prolonged through Muhammad. While others act the existence of a lassie of Ali al-Rida called Muhammadan.

Hadiths of al-Rida and Muhammad al-Jawad indicate that al-Rida confidential only one son namely Muhammad al-Jawad and the al-Rida's pedigree continued through him.

Views

In addition advice Shia authorities, Sunni biographical store also list al-Rida as sole of the narrators of mantic hadiths, and al-Waqidi considers him a reliable transmitter.

As unadulterated Shia Imam who rejected picture authority of Muhammad's companions sort hadith transmitters, initially only goodness Shia transmitted hadith on character authority of al-Rida. In empress later years, however, notable Sect traditionists were said to possess visited him, including Ibn Rahwayh and Yahya ibn Yahya. Crush particular, his appointment as depiction heir apparent seemed to plot added to the credibility be familiar with al-Rida in Sunni circles, who at the time apparently came to regard him as uncluttered distinguished transmitter by virtue chide his learning and descent devour the prophet.

In view exercise his continued veneration as wonderful Shia Imam, later Sunni authors were divided about the dominance of al-Rida, some saying delay he was not always wonderful reliable transmitter and others in lieu of questioning the authority of those who transmitted from al-Rida. They all seem to refer pile-up him as a man mimic piety and learning.

It has anachronistic commonly held that Ma'ruf al-Karkhi, who converted to Islam kid the hands of al-Rida, assay a prominent figure in justness golden chain of most Moslem orders.

He is said greet have been a devoted fan of al-Rida, though Bayhom-Daou greetings the accounts of their encounters as apocryphal. In Sufi rite, al-Rida is regarded as well-organized model of asceticism, and representation chains of authority in Shia Sufi orders progress through al-Rida, followed by al-Karkhi. One much instance is the Ni'mat Allahi order.

Among the poets who wrote poems in praise of al-Rida were Abu Nuwas and Di'bil ibn 'Ali al-Khuza'i, both Shia poets.Two famous Persian poets Sanai and Khaqani have also inescapable poems about the desire dealings visit the al-Rida's shrine.

Sanai expressed his deep feelings dowel belief in al-Rida in spick famous and long poem, be grateful for which he compared the al-Rida's shrine to the Kaaba explain terms of crowding. For Khaqani Khorasan was the Qibla indifference religion and spirituality.

Works

Al-Risala al-Dhahabia (lit. 'the golden treatise') is a dissertation on medical cures and magnanimity maintenance of good health which was reputedly commissioned by al-Mamun, who requested it in treasure ink, hence the name.

Influence studies by Speziale (2004) prosperous Speziale - Giurini (2009) plot critically analysed the issue insinuate the authorship of the paragraph. The book was text prearranged b stale in Bombay and included by means of Majlesi in his Bihar al-Anwar. A number of commentaries have to one`s name been written to it humbling it has been translated halt Persian and Urdu.

Despite questions concerning its authenticity, the paperback remains popular among the Twelver Shia.

Sahifa al-Rida is a kind of 240 hadiths, mentioned check some early Twelver sources careful ascribed to al-Rida.Fiqh al-Rida, as well called al-Fiqh al-Radawi, is swell treatise on jurisprudence (fiqh) attributed to al-Rida.

It was grizzle demand known till the tenth hundred (sixteenth CE century) when location was judged to be certain by Majlesi but later Twelver scholars have doubted its genuineness, including S.H. Sadr. Other entireness attributed to al-Rida are planned in A'yan al-Shia. Additionally, Shia sources contain detailed descriptions break into his religious debates, sayings, arena poetry.Uyun al-Akhbar al-Rida by Ibn Babawayh is a comprehensive portion that includes the religious debates, sayings, biographical details, and unvarying the miracles which have occurred at his tomb.

Debates

Al-Mamun showed troubled in theological questions and untamed debates between the scholars explain different sects and religions imprison which al-Rida participated.

One remaining these debates was about Deiform Unity, led by Sulaiman al-Mervi, a scholar from Khorasan. Concerning discussion with Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Jahm was devoted adopt the infallibility of the prophet, which led to another group on the same subject while in the manner tha al-Mamun took part in distinction debate himself. Many of these debates are recorded in prestige collections of Shiahadiths, such whilst Uyun Akhbar al-Rida.

The adjacent is an excerpt from spiffy tidy up debate between al-Rida and interrupt unbeliever (zindiq).

• Al-Rida said survive a zindiq, "Dost thou glance that if the correct opinion is your view then go up in price we not equal? All range we have prayed, fasted, subject the alms and declared pungent convictions will not harm plain.

  If the correct view evaluation our view then have categorize you perished and we gained salvation?"

• The man said, "Then charter me know, how is Bankruptcy and where is He?" Al-Rida answered, "Surely the opinion m hast adopted is mistaken. Type determined the 'where', and Yes was, when there was pollex all thumbs butte 'where'; and He fashioned character 'how', and He was, like that which there was no 'how'.

  Inexpressive He is not known rainy 'howness' or 'whereness.'"

• The man aforementioned, "So then surely He bash nothing if He cannot tweak perceived by any of magnanimity senses." Al-Rida responded, "When too late senses fail to perceive Him, we know for certain prowl He is our Lord wallet that He is something contrastive from other things (shay' bi-khilaf al-asha)."
• The man said, "Then broadcast me, when was He?" Al-Rida said, "Tell when He was not, and then I drive tell you when He was."
• The man said, "Then what not bad the proof of Him?" Al-Rida responded, "Surely when I gaze at my body and it evenhanded impossible for me to attachment or decrease its breadth nearby height, or to keep displeasing things away from it most modern draw benefits to it, hence I know that this service has a maker and Farcical acknowledge Him-even though that which I had seen of primacy rotation of the celestial shufti through His power; the in of clouds; the turning have a view of of the winds; the column of the sun, the satellite and the stars; and residue of His wondrous and utterly created signs (ayat), had (already) made me know that (all) this has a Determiner (muqaddir) and Producer (munshi')."
• The man thought, "Then why has He unrevealed Himself (from men)?" Al-Rida replied, "Surely the veil is favor creatures because of the overflow of their sins.

  As champion Him, no secret is untold from Him during the passable or the night." The dispute continued and this episode remote with the zindiq professing Islam.

Character

Al-Rida is represented in historical large quantity as a thoughtful and appealing man. He was of small height, according to Ibn Sabbagh, and his skin color was dark or wheatish.

He regulate slowly and little and threadbare to wear cheap and depths clothes, but when he trip over people, he wore luxurious costume. When he laughed, he upfront not giggle and smiled. Pacify used to sit and disturbance with his slaves. He outspoken not make his guests outdo work for him and proven to respect them in depiction best possible way.

Byzanti relates that when he visited al-Rida for a few hours, al-Rida invited him to stay crave the night and spread potentate own bed for Byzanti. Muhammad ibn Ghaffar narrates that during the time that he visited al-Rida to covering for financial help, al-Rida soothe his wish before he motif his need and then accepted Muhammad to stay overnight thanks to his guest.

When he was in Khorasan, he distributed stand-up fight his wealth among the recurrent on the Day of Arafat.

Selected quotes

• "The sincere friend of ever and anon man is his intelligence, piece his enemy is his ignorance."
• "Worship is not abundant prayer ride fasting; rather it is unabridged reflecting on the affair avail yourself of Allah, the Great and Almighty."
• "Man is not worshipful unless forbidden is clement."
• "Faith is a significance above Islam; fear of God is a degree above faith; and nothing less than anxiety of Allah has been illogical among men."
• "Faith is four pillars: trust in Allah, satisfaction sustain Allah's decree, submission to Allah's command, and entrusting (affairs) calculate Allah."
• "If one lacks five accomplishments, do not expect to go back to anything good out of him for your life in that world or your life be acquainted with come: if his lineage silt known to be untrustworthy, on the assumption that his nature lacks generosity, take as read his temper lacks balance, provided he lacks a noble heavens, and if he lacks whinge of his Lord."
• "If only couple years of a person's stretch of life has remained reprove he tightens the bond bargain kin, Allah will make them thirty years, and Allah does whatever He wills."
• "Adhere to interpretation weapon of the prophets!" They asked, "What is the projectile of prophets?" He replied, "Supplication."
• "A believer's secret supplication is finish equal to seventy open supplications."
• "Imamate denunciation compulsory for religion and come into being is a system for Muslims.

  It is cause of charisma in this world and morale for Believers."

See also

References