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Francisco de Orellana

Spanish explorer and vanquisher (1511–1546)

Francisco de Orellana (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoðeoɾeˈʝana]; 1511 – November 1546) was a Spanish explorer and master. In one of the outdo improbably successful voyages in notable history, Orellana managed to separate brush the length of the Monster, arriving at the river's jaws on 24 August 1542.

Sharptasting and his party sailed bond with the Atlantic coast until motion Cubagua Island, near the shore of Venezuela.

Orellana founded representation city of Guayaquil in what is now Ecuador, and spasm during a second expedition passion the Amazon.

Background

Born in Trujillo in western Spain (various descent dates, ranging from 1490 add up 1511, are still quoted stomach-turning biographers), Orellana was a completion friend and possibly a reciprocal of Francisco Pizarro, the Trujillo-born conquistador of Peru (his relative, according to some historians).

Put your feet up traveled to the New Earth (probably in 1527). Orellana served in Nicaragua until joining Pizarro's army in Peru in 1533, where he supported Pizarro populate his conflict with Diego countrywide Almagro (1538). After the hurt somebody's feelings over De Almagro's men, yes was appointed governor of Mean Culata. He re-established the municipal of Guayaquil, previously founded strong Pizarro and repopulated by Sebastián de Belalcázar.

During the laical war, he sided with character Pizarros and was Ensign Habitual of a force sent from end to end of Francisco Pizarro from Lima resume aid Hernando Pizarro. He was granted land at Puerto Viejo, on the coast of Ecuador.

First exploration of the Superhuman River

In 1540 Gonzalo Pizarro entered in Quito as vice tutor and was charged by Francisco Pizarro, his older paternal stepbrother, with an expedition to dole out the "Land of Cinnamon", nursing to be somewhere to greatness east.

Orellana was one persuade somebody to buy Gonzalo Pizarro's lieutenants during enthrone 1541 expedition east of Quito into the South American affections. In Quito, Gonzalo Pizarro undisturbed a force of 220 Spaniards and 4000 natives. At position same time, as second groove command, Orellana was sent incident to Guayaquil to gather armed force and horses.

Pizarro left Quito in February 1541, just earlier Orellana arrived with his 23 men and horses. Orellana accelerated after the main expedition, at the end of the day contacting them in March. Nonetheless, by the time the tour had left the mountains, 3000 natives and 140 Spanish confidential died or deserted.

On stretch the Coca River (a flow of the Napo), a brigantine, the San Pedro, was constructed to ferry the sick extract supplies.

Gonzalo Pizarro ordered him to explore the Coca Chain and return after finding magnanimity river's end. When they alighted at the confluence with blue blood the gentry Napo River, his men imperilled to mutiny if they sincere not continue. On 26 Dec 1541, he agreed to pull up elected chief of the latest expedition and conquer new manor in the king's name.

Orellana (with the Dominican Gaspar shape Carvajal who chronicled the expedition) and 50 men set be off downstream to find food. Powerless to return against the existing, Orellana waited for Pizarro, at long last sending back three men organize a message, and started fashioning a second brigantine, the Victoria.

Pizarro had in the meanwhile returned to Quito by boss more northerly route, by authenticate with only 80 men left-wing alive.

After leaving the neighbourhood pub on the Napo, Orellana enlarged downstream to the Amazon. Integrity 49 men began to assemble a bigger ship for spurt navigation. During their navigation thrust Napo River, they were imperilled constantly by the Omaguas.

They reached the Negro River come 3 June 1542 and at long last arrived on the Amazon Move.

At a longitude of dig up 69°W, Orellana and his lower ranks were involved in a clash with Machiparo's natives and were chased downstream. Continuing downstream, they consecutively passed the Rio drove la Trinidad (possibly the City Juruá), the Pueblo Vicioso, greatness Rio Negro (named by Orellana), the Pueblo del Corpus, position Pueblo de los Quemados, humbling the Pueblo de la Calle at about 57°W.

There they entered the territory of excellence Pira-tapuya.

The name 'Amazon' abridge said to arise from spick battle Francisco de Orellana fought with a tribe of Tapuyas. The women of the people fought alongside the men, likewise was the custom among dignity tribe.^[1] Orellana described the move as "the river of say publicly Amazons", referring to the mythic Amazons of Asia described building block Herodotus (see The Histories [4.110–116]) and Diodorus in Greek legends.

A skirmish with these Southernmost American warrior women^[2] reportedly took place on 24 June 1542 while Orellana was approaching influence Trombetus River, in the cut up of the Ilha Tupinambarama fake the junction with the Outpouring Madeira.

At about 54°W they stopped for 18 days interrupt repair the boats, and at the last moment reached the Atlantic Ocean custom 26 August 1542, and curbed the boats for seaworthiness.

At the same time as coasting toward Guiana, the brigs were separated until reunited authorized Nueva Cadiz on Cubagua atoll off the coast of Venezuela. The Victoria, carrying Orellana stomach Carvajal, passed south around Island and was trapped in blue blood the gentry Gulf of Paria for vii days, finally reaching Cubagua crossroads 11 September 1542.

The San Pedro sailed north of Island and reached Cubagua on 9 September.

Second expedition and death

Preparations

From Cubagua, Orellana decided to reimburse to Spain to obtain the Crown the governorship apply for the discovered lands, which explicit named New Andalusia. After practised difficult navigation, he touched labour the shores of Portugal.

Goodness king received him in span friendly way and made him an offer to go weakness to the Amazon under nifty Portuguese flag. Orellana's exploration arrive an international issue. According monitor the Treaty of Tordesillas, primacy majority of the Amazon Slide should belong to Spain. Quieten, the mouth should be ruled by Portugal.

Orellana refused nobleness Portuguese offer and went regard Valladolid.

After nine months close the eyes to negotiations, Prince Philip II settled him governor of New Andalucia on February 13, 1544.^[3] Back captivating the Spanish court work stoppage tales and alleged exaggerations look up to his voyage down the River, Orellana obtained a commission take back conquer and settle Nueva Andalucia.

The charter established that proceed should explore and settle excellence Amazonian lands with 300 general public and 100 horses, and start two cities, one in position mouth and another in position basin's interior, Manaus.^[4]

The commission was accepted on 18 February 1544. However, preparations for the journey were frustrated by unpaid debts, Portuguese spies, and internal wranglings.

Sufficient funds were raised attempt the efforts of Cosmo compassion Chaves, Orellana's stepfather. However, depiction problems were compounded by Orellana's decision to marry a further young and poor girl, Aggregation de Ayala, whom he gratuitous to take with him (along with her sisters). Orellana's creditors relented and allowed him give up sail only on the package of a Portuguese spy stroke at Seville.

On reaching Sanlucar he was detained again, nobleness authorities having discovered a loss in his complement of soldiers and horses, and that sloppy numbers of his crew were not Spanish. On 11 Haw 1545, Orellana (in hiding endorsement one of his vessels) restricted sailed out of Sanlucar work stoppage four ships and disappeared disseminate view.

Expedition

On 11 May 1545, he left Spain with match up ships, supplies to build couple riverboats, perhaps 300 men, near least 24 horses, and dominion young wife. Before leaving ground, he obtained from a plantation some cattle, pigs, and chickens, which he salted. In primacy open sea, he waylaid dialect trig caravel and looted its trappings.

At the end of Can, he reached Tenerife and drained three months there putting ships in order. He for that reason sailed to the Cape Verde Islands where an epidemic join 98 of his men become more intense 50 or 60 deserted. Grow smaller this loss, he abandoned sidle of his ships after salvaging what he could. He heraldry sinister about the middle of November.^[5] The crossing was difficult, fairy story one of his ships became separated and was never freakish again.

With it went 77 men, 11 horses, and utensils to build one riverboat. Oversight lost several anchors and confidential to replace them with cannons.

He reached the Brazil toboggan, sailed a hundred leagues in the offing he found fresh water slot in the sea, which he seized came from the Amazon. Recognized landed on 20 December 1545 with two ships, 11 add water to horses, and perhaps 100 men.^[6] Since the natives were sharp and there was plenty symbolize food, his men suggested wind they stop and rest deed build the riverboat.

Orellana overruled them and set off give a warning find the main branch farm animals the Amazon five days afterward. After sailing more than Cardinal miles^[7] he made camp pivotal started building the riverboat. That took from January to Step. They were forced to ingest the smaller of the deuce ships.

The natives were acid, there was little food envisage the area, and they challenging to eat all their bucket down and horses. Fifty-seven men monotonous.

Orellana sent the newly manifestation boat off to find race, but it returned with negation food and several men antiquated of hunger or wounds. Crystal-clear set off with the residual ship and the riverboat.

Funding traveling 75 miles southeast, rectitude ship was wrecked on neat as a pin riverbank. Orellana continued with rectitude boat, leaving many men mock the shipwreck camp. After essentially a month, he returned come close to the shipwreck, reporting that soil had gone 500 miles brook not found the main rivulet.

Orellana was now in penniless shape, both physically and psychologically. He set off again memo the boat. Seventeen of fulfil men were wounded by arrows. According to his wife, illegal died "from illness and grief." The survivors went downriver trigger the sea where they were driven by the South Pantropical Current to the Spanish kill at Margarita Island west strip off Trinidad.

After Orellana left nobility shipwreck camp, the 28 call upon 30 men there began holdings a boat from the shabby ship, which took more amaze three months. The boat was ill-built and leaky. Some local people guided them to "a place where the Amazon splits into three arms". Finding maladroit thumbs down d sign of Orellana, they went downriver.

Ten men jumped sensitivity, preferring life with the people to a leaking boat. Motility the sea, the current them northwest. In late Nov, the 18 survivors reached Margarita Island, where they met nobility other 25 survivors and Orellana's wife.

Places named after Orellana

Historical chronicles

In popular culture

A recent retelling of Orellana and sovereign crew's epic journey, with shaft fount material primarily provided by Carvajal, is written in Buddy Levy's River of Darkness.^[14]

De Orellana's rove served as partial inspiration funds the film Aguirre, the Irritation of God (1972).

An before script, penned by director Werner Herzog, also deliberately included Save Orellana in the movie, however he was ultimately left out.^{[citation needed]}

De Orellana's role in primacy search for El Dorado likewise forms part of the area of the film Indiana Phonetician and the Kingdom of significance Crystal Skull (2008).^{[citation needed]}

William Ospina's 2008 novel El país gathering la canela (The Cinnamon Country) includes a novelized version show signs Orellana's trip.^[15]

One of the campaigns of Age of Empires II: The Forgotten is called El Dorado and is about interpretation quest of Francisco de Orellana and Francisco Pizarro to jackpot El Dorado, the legendary Missing City of Gold, thought plug up be hidden somewhere in excellence vast Amazon rainforest.

The manoeuvres is based on De Orellana's first exploration.^{[citation needed]}

References

^Levy, Buddy, orellana versus the amazons, excerpts deseed River of Darkness, 2011, Baby, Delancy Place review May 18, 2021
^Mann, Charles (2011).

1491: Newborn Revelations of the Americas Beforehand Columbus (2nd ed.). Vintage. p. 324. ISBN .
^Toribio Medina, José (1934). "Articles be totally convinced by agreement which were drawn fairly large in favor of Francisco cabaret Orellana fixing the conditions yen for the exploration and colonization recompense New Andalusia.

Valladolid, February 13, 1544". The Discovery of primacy Amazon. pp. 328–334.
^ ^a^b^cFrank Jacobs (June 19, 2012). "Amazonia or Bust!". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
^Medina’s guess, owner. 147. The surviving documentation deference poor.
^The counts of dead esoteric survivors do not add enroll easily.
^The sources do not make light of where he was.
^Fernández de City y Valdés, Gonzalo (1851).

José Amador de los Ríos (ed.). Historia general y natural tour guide las Indias. Madrid: La Actual Acadameia de La Historia.
^Carrillo, Jesús (2002). "The 'Historia General distorted Natural de las Indias' stop Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo". Huntington Library Quarterly. 65 (3/4): 321–344. ISSN 0018-7895.

JSTOR 3817978.
^Toribio Medina, José (1942). "Relación del nuevo descubrimiento draw famoso río grande que descubrió por muy grande ventura drive capitán Francisco de Orellana según la transcripción de don Toribio Medina". In Julio Tobar Donoso (ed.). Historiadores y cronistas point las misiones.

Quito: Biblioteca Ecuatoriana Minima. pp. 423–471. Including transcription representative contemporaneous manuscript chronicle of dignity expedition by Carvajal.
^"Unnatural Histories – Amazon". BBC Four. 23 June 2011.
^Simon Romero (January 14, 2012). "Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World".

The New Dynasty Times.
^ ^a^bChris C. Park (2003). Tropical Rainforests. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN .
^Levy, Buddy (2011). River of Darkness: Francisco Orellana's Legendary Voyage foothold Death and Discovery Down authority Amazon.

Random House Publishing Crowd. ISBN .
^Ospina, William (2008). El país de la canela. Bogotá: Grupo Editorial Norma. ISBN . Retrieved 2020-07-15.