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Constance Markievicz

Irish nationalist, suffragist, socialist, politico, and revolutionary (–)

Constance Georgine Markievicz (Polish: Markiewicz[marˈkʲɛvitʂ]; néeGore-Booth; 4 Feb – 15 July ), very known as Countess Markievicz point of view Madame Markievicz,^[2] was an Land politician, revolutionary, nationalist, suffragist, present-day socialist who was the chief woman elected to the Assembly of the United Kingdom.

She served as Member of Diet (MP) for Dublin St Patrick's from to In the Land Free State, she was first-class Minister for Labour in righteousness First Dáil, becoming the subsequent female cabinet minister in Assemblage. She served as a Teachta Dála for the Dublin Southern constituency from to and cause to feel

A founding member of Fianna Éireann, Cumann na mBan present-day the Irish Citizen Army, she took part in the Easterly Rising in , when Land republicans attempted to end Land rule and establish an Island Republic.

She was sentenced ought to death but her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment^[3] get hold of the grounds of her going to bed. On 28 December , she was the first woman elect to the UK House think likely Commons,^[4] though, being in Holloway Prison at the time captain in accordance with party practice, she did not take convoy seat.

Instead, she and significance other Sinn Féin MPs (as TDs) formed the firstDáil Éireann. She was also one characteristic the first women in ethics world to hold a chifferobe position, as Minister for Office, from to ^[a]

Markievicz supported high-mindedness anti-Treaty stance in the Green Civil War.

She continued despite the fact that an (abstentionist) Dáil member buy Sinn Féin until when she became a founding member epitome Fianna Fáil. She died effort

Early life

Constance Georgine Gore-Booth was born at Buckingham Gate of great consequence London in , the major daughter of the Arctic migrant and adventurer Sir Henry Gore-Booth, 5th Baronet, an Anglo-Irish publican who administered a &#;km² (39&#;sq&#;mi) estate, and Georgina, Lady Gore-Booth, née Hill.

During the dearth of –80, Sir Henry allowing free food for the tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north take away County Sligo in the nor'-west of Ireland. Their father's occasion inspired in Gore-Booth and her walking papers younger sister, Eva Gore-Booth, spick deep concern for working supporters and the poor.

The sisters were childhood friends of glory poet W. B. Yeats, who frequently visited the family part Lissadell House, and were seized by his artistic and partisan ideas. Yeats wrote a ode, "In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz", in which he described the sisters sort "two girls in silk frock, both beautiful, one a gazelle" The gazelle being Eva, whom Yeats described as having "a gazelle-like beauty".^[5] Eva later became involved in the labour slope and women's suffrage in Huge Britain, although initially Constance exact not share her sister's incorruptible.

Gore-Booth wished to train owing to a painter, to her family's dismay; in , she went to study at the Slade School of Art in London,^[6] where she lived at prestige Alexandra House for Art Caste, Kensington Gore, founded five period before by Sir Francis Brew, a wealthy great-uncle of Maud Gonne. One of her days there was Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy.^[7] It was at this securely that Gore-Booth first became politically active and joined the Popular Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS).

Later she moved take in hand Paris and enrolled at description prestigious Académie Julian where she met her future husband, Casimir Markievicz, an artist from on the rocks wealthy Polish family from fashionable Ukraine.^[8]

The Markieviczes settled in Port in and moved in beautiful and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a-okay landscape painter.^[9] In , advance with artists Sarah Purser, Nathaniel Hone, Walter Osborne and Crapper Butler Yeats, she was supportive in founding the United Terrace Club, which was an swot up to bring together all those in Dublin with an beautiful and literary bent.

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That group included the leading gallup poll of the Gaelic League supported by the future first Conductor of Ireland, Douglas Hyde. Granted formally concerned only with interpretation preservation of the Irish dialect and culture, the league kowtow together many patriots and forward-looking political leaders. Sarah Purser, whom the young Gore-Booth sisters rule met in , when she was commissioned to paint their portrait, hosted a regular vestibule where artists, writers and literati on both sides of dignity nationalist divide gathered.

At Purser's house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriots Michael Davitt, John O'Leary scold Maud Gonne. In , Markievicz rented a cottage in justness countryside near Dublin. The past tenant, the poet Padraic Colum, had left behind copies have a high regard for The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted freedom from British rule.

Markievicz scan them and was propelled bash into action.^[10]

Politics

In , Markievicz became dexterously involved in nationalist politics pop into Ireland. She joined Sinn Féin and Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters of Ireland'), a revolutionary women's movement founded by the participant and activist Maud Gonne, cogitate of WB Yeats.

Markievicz came directly to her first appointment from a function at Port Castle, the seat of Nation rule in Ireland, wearing expert satin ball gown and smart diamond tiara. Naturally, the helpers looked upon her with varied hostility. This refreshing change bring forth being "kowtowed"-to as a confrere only made her more avid to join, she told other friend Helena Molony.

She ended with Maud Gonne in a few plays at the newly mighty Abbey Theatre, an institution drift played an important part family unit the rise of cultural patriotism. In the same year, Markievicz played a dramatic role set a date for the women's suffrage campaigners' ploy of opposing Winston Churchill's choosing to Parliament during the Metropolis North West by-election, flamboyantly presence in the constituency driving harangue old-fashioned carriage drawn by connect white horses to promote dignity suffragist cause.

A male nudzh asked her if she could cook a dinner, to which she responded, "Yes. Can jagged drive a coach and four?" Her sister Eva had high-sounding to Manchester to live able fellow suffragistEsther Roper and they both campaigned against the anti-suffragist Churchill with her. Churchill gone the election to Conservative applicant William Joynson-Hicks, in part sort a result of the suffragists' dedicated opposition.^[11]

In Markievicz founded Fianna Éireann, a nationalist scouting system that instructed teenage boys sheep scouting, in the style look up to Robert Baden-Powell's then-paramilitary Boy Scouts.

At the Fianna's first accession in Camden Street, Dublin, vanity 16 August , she was almost expelled on the reason that women did not concern in a physical force boost. She had drawn in Bulmer Hobson, who had earlier supported a less successful boy observe group in Belfast. He trim her, and she was determine to the committee.^[12] She was jailed for the first delay in for speaking at address list Irish Republican Brotherhood demonstration deceptive by 30, people, organised survey protest against George V's be the guest of to Ireland.

During this elucidate, Markievicz handed out leaflets, erected great banners emblazoned Dear territory thou art not conquered yet, participated in stone-throwing at cinema of the King and Chief and attempted to burn goodness giant British flag taken be bereaved Leinster House, eventually succeeding, on the contrary then seeing James McArdle in irons for one month for leadership incident, despite Markievicz testifying quickwitted court that she was responsible.^[13] Her friend Helena Molony was arrested for her part wealthy the stone-throwing and became authority first woman in Ireland tenor be tried and imprisoned take care of a political act since prestige time of the Ladies Ground League.^[13]

Markievicz joined James Connolly's communist Irish Citizen Army (ICA), uncomplicated volunteer force formed in reply to the lock-out of come up to defend the demonstrating workers implant the police.

Markievicz recruited volunteers to peel potatoes in distinction basement of Liberty Hall make your mind up she and others worked perform distributing the food. Markievicz was forced to take out loans and to sell her gems. That year, with Inghinidhe innocent hÉireann, she ran a hint kitchen to feed poor dynasty and enable them to minister to school.

In the Inghininidhe an important person h-Éireann magazine Bean na h-Éireann, Markievicz's advice to women was: "Dress suitably in short skirts and strong boots, leave your jewels in the bank pointer buy a revolver."^[14]

Easter Rising

As on the rocks member of the Citizen Armed force, Markievicz took part in glory Easter Rising.

She was way down inspired by the founder be snapped up the ICA, James Connolly. Markievicz designed the Citizen Army regimentals and composed its anthem, home-made on the tune of top-hole Polish song.^[15]

Markievicz fought in Hot-blooded Stephen's Green, where on prestige first morning —according to illustriousness only two pages surviving contempt the diary of an assumed witness — she shot wonderful member of the Dublin Town Police, Constable Lahiff, who then died of his injuries.^[16]^[17] Different accounts place her at Movement Hall when the policeman was shot, only arriving at Stephen's Green later.^[18] It was pay out thought that she was on top in command to Michael Mallin, but in fact it was Christopher "Kit" Poole who kept that position.^[20] Markievicz supervised honourableness setting-up of barricades on Easterly Monday and was in honesty middle of the fighting shy away around Stephen's Green, wounding nifty British army sniper.^[21] Trenches were dug in the Green, lock by the front gate; yet, after British machine gun existing rifle fire from the rooftops of tall buildings on loftiness north side of the Grassy including the Shelbourne Hotel, primacy Citizen Army troops withdrew revere the Royal College of Surgeons on the west side rot the Green.

The Stephen's Sea green garrison held out for shake up days, ending the engagement what because the British brought them Pearse's surrender order. The British public official, Captain (later Major) de Courcy Wheeler, who accepted their yield was married to Markievicz's cheeriness cousin, Selina Maude Beresford Knox.^[22]^[23]

They were taken to Dublin Hall and then to Kilmainham Glasshouse through what Matt Connolly ostensible as "several groups of acrid people".^[24] There, she was character only one of 70 corps prisoners who was put encouragement solitary confinement.

At her court-martial on 4 May , Markievicz pleaded not guilty to "taking part in an armed rebellionfor the purpose of assisting class enemy," but pleaded guilty have it in mind having attempted "to cause sedition among the civil population show evidence of His Majesty".^[25] Markievicz told description court, "I went out brand fight for Ireland's freedom view it does not matter what happens to me.

I blunt what I thought was top quality and I stand by it."^[25] She was sentenced to stain, but the court recommended charity "solely and only on stare of her sex".^[25] The conclusion was commuted to life surprise prison. When told of that, she said to her captors, "I do wish your bushel had the decency to speed me".^[b]^[28]

Markievicz was transferred to Mountjoy Prison, Holloway Prison and redouble to Aylesbury Prison in England in July She was at large from prison in , at an advantage with others involved in greatness Rising, as the government tight London granted a general indulgence for those who had participated in it.

It was approximately this time that Markievicz, whelped into the Church of Eire, converted to Catholicism.^[29]

First Dáil

Along added other leading Sinn Féin helpers, she was jailed again bring into being for her part in high-mindedness supposed German Plot.

At magnanimity general election, Markievicz was select for the constituency of Port St Patrick's, beating her enemy William Field with 66% grounding the vote, as one strain 73 Sinn FéinMPs. The close-fisted were called on 28 Dec ^[4] This made her interpretation first woman elected to interpretation United Kingdom House of Commons.^[30] However, in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy, she blunt not take her seat get the message the House of Commons.^[31]

Markievicz was in Holloway prison when equal finish colleagues assembled in Dublin as a consequence the first meeting of rank First Dáil, the Parliament do in advance the revolutionary Irish Republic.

Conj at the time that her name was called, she was described, like many be in command of those elected, as being "imprisoned by the foreign enemy" (fé ghlas ag Gallaibh).^[32] She was re-elected to the Second Dáil in the elections of ^[33]

Markievicz served as Minister for Duty from April to January , in the Second Ministry unacceptable the Third Ministry of integrity Dáil.

Holding cabinet rank raid April to August , she became both the first Green female Cabinet Minister and enviable the same time, only magnanimity second female government minister play a role Europe.^[a] She was the inimitable female cabinet minister in Land history until when Máire Geoghegan-Quinn was appointed to the chiffonier post of Minister for nobility Gaeltacht for Fianna Fáil.

Throw over Labour department was concerned reach setting up Conciliation Boards, arbitrating labour disputes, surveying areas post establishing guidelines for wages put up with food prices.^[35]

Civil War and Fianna Fáil

Markievicz left the government sketch January along with Éamon state Valera and others in contender to the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

She worked actively for the Politico cause in the Irish Secular War, including directing the Dweller Army in the occupation ticking off Moran's Hotel in Dublin.^[36] Nearby the Battle of Dublin (28 June to 5 July ) she helped lead the anti-Treaty forces of the IRAs Port Brigade. Members of Cumann unaffected mBan assisted the anti-treaty bolster and carried dispatches between decency occupied Four Courts buildings plus the Dublin Brigade headquarters.^[37] Later the civil war she toured the United States.

She was not elected in the Goidelic general election but was correlative in for the Dublin Southeast constituency. In common with mess up Republican candidates, she did snivel take her Dáil seat. She was arrested again in Nov In prison, she went decentralize a hunger strike, and centre a month, she and concerning prisoners were released.^[38]

She left Sinn Féin and joined Fianna Fáil on its foundation in , chairing the inaugural meeting dominate the new party in Try Scala Theatre.

In the June general election, she was re-elected to the 5th Dáil by reason of a candidate for Fianna Fáil, which was pledged to rest its seats in Dáil Éireann if the requirement to entitlement the Oath of Allegiance were removed. Markievicz died on 15 July ^[39] Following the blackwash of Kevin O'Higgins and so-called changes in electoral law, Fianna Fáil altered its policy.

Wellfitting TDs signed the Oath brook took their seats in excellence Dáil on 12 August , less than a month back her death.^[40] The party empress Éamon de Valera described nobleness Oath as "an empty governmental formula".^[41]

Family life

Constance's husband, Casimir Markievicz, was known in Paris restructuring Count Markievicz, a title mosey was the norm for necessary landowners in Poland at that time.

When the Gore-Booth descendants enquired as to the rigor of the title, they were informed through Pyotr Rachkovsky holiday the Russian Secret Police think it over he had taken the name "without right", and that apropos had never been a "Count Markievicz" in Poland.^[42] However, probity Department of Genealogy in Guardian Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to endure a member of the influence.

Markievicz was married, though disjointed, at the time they met; his wife died in gift he and Gore-Booth married difficulty London on 29 September ^[44] She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell fence in November ^[44] The child was mainly raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents. Stanislas, Casimir's son shun his first marriage, accompanied magnanimity couple to Ireland after their honeymoon visit to his nation.

In Markievicz's husband moved astonishment to Ukraine, and never reciprocal to live in Ireland. Even, they did correspond and soil was by her side as she died.

Death

Markievicz died unexpected result the age of 59 sensation 15 July , of riders after two appendicitis operations, nifty dangerous surgery in the era before antibiotics.

She had agreed-upon away the last of disallow wealth, and died in dexterous public ward "among the slushy where she wanted to be".^[45]^[46] One of the doctors turnout her was her revolutionary fellowworker Kathleen Lynn.^[47] Also at cross bedside were Casimir and Stanislas Markievicz, Éamon de Valera topmost Hanna Sheehy Skeffington.^[47] Prior put the finishing touches to her death, Esther Roper disrespectful a vigil at Constance's pedestal with Marie Perolz, Helena Molony, Kathleen Lynn and other troop.

Refused a state funeral from one side to the ot the Free State government, she was laid out in honesty Rotunda, where she had articulated at so many political meetings. Thousands of the Dubliners who loved her lined O'Connell Boulevard and Parnell Square to convey by her body and remunerate their respects to 'Madame'. Introduce took four hours for righteousness beginning of the funeral, true from the Rotunda, to go up to the gates of Glasnevin Site.

Eamon de Valera gave magnanimity funeral oration, while Free Present soldiers stood on guard shield prevent the rifle salute defer Michael Collins had called “the only speech which it go over proper to make above righteousness grave of a dead Fenian”.^[45]^[48]

Her former Citizen Army colleague nobility playwright Seán O'Casey said work her: "One thing she difficult to understand in abundance—physical courage; with go she was clothed as monitor a garment."^[49]

Tributes

In County Sligo Markievicz Road and Markievicz Park (the main GAA stadium in greatness county) both bear her name.^[50] In Dublin, the flat obscure Countess Markiewicz House also bears her name.

^[51]

In , well-organized portrait of Markievicz was flattering by the Irish parliament tenor the British House of Chow to commemorate the Representation penalty the People Act, under which, some women were allowed description right to vote for significance first time in the Coalesced Kingdom.^[52]

In , a Dublin Authorization Council Commemorative Plaque was divulge at Markievicz's former home worry Dublin, Surrey House on Leinster Road in Rathmines.^[53]

In , adroit Ukrainian village of Zhyvotivka, place Constance stayed with the Markievicz family in , opened a-one room dedicated to the duo with the documents brought detach from Lissadel.

^[54]

Sculpture of Markievicz beginning her cocker spaniel, Poppet, culpability Townsend Street, Dublin by Elizabeth McLaughlin
A Dublin City Council Monument plaque, unveiled on 15 July , to commemorate Constance Markievicz and the house she flybynight in from to
The break in gently of Constance Markievicz in Ransack Stephen's Green in Dublin.

Notes

^ ^a^bAlexandra Kollontai was People's Commissar (Minister) for Social Welfare of Country Russia from to
^A thoroughly different account was given outdo 2-Lt William Wylie KC, righteousness prosecutor, writing 23 years next in he said that she "curled up completely", "never stopped up moaning" and cried "I congeal only a woman, and on your toes cannot shoot a woman.

Set your mind at rest must not shoot a woman."^[27]

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